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v2.0

Introduction

A new version of masonite is released. You can view the 2.1 Documentation Here

The modern and developer centric Python web framework that strives for an actual batteries included developer tool with a lot of out of the box functionality with an extremely extendable architecture. Masonite is perfect for beginner developers getting into their first web applications as well as experienced devs that need to utilize the full potential of Masonite to get their applications done.

Masonite works hard to be fast and easy from install to deployment so developers can go from concept to creation in as quick and efficiently as possible. Use it for your next SaaS! Try it once and you’ll fall in love.

Some Notable Features Shipped With Masonite

Easily send emails with the Mail Provider and the SMTP and Mailgun drivers.
Send websocket requests from your server with the Broadcast Provider and Pusher and Ably drivers.
IOC container and auto resolving dependency injection.
Service Providers to easily add functionality to the framework.
Extremely simple static files configured and ready to go.
Active Record style ORM called Orator.
An extremely useful command line tool called craft commands.
Extremely extendable.

These, among many other features, are all shipped out of the box and ready to go. Use what you need when you need it.

Requirements

In order to use Masonite, you’ll need:

Python 3.4+
Pip3

All commands of python and pip in this documentation is assuming they are pointing to the corresponding Python 3 versions. If you are having issues with any installation steps just be sure the commands are for Python 3.4+ and not 2.7 or below.

NOTE: Masonite does not support the Anaconda virtual environment system. In order for the craft command to work, something you will be using often, Masonite needs to be able to locate the Masonite package even in a virtual environment. If you follow the installation steps here and use Python 3's builtin virtualenv package (python3 -m venv venv) then this will work best. If you would like to add Anaconda support to Masonite then feel free to open an issue in GitHub :)

Linux

If you are running on a Linux flavor, you’ll need the Python dev package and the libssl package. You can download these packages by running:

Debian and Ubuntu based Linux distributions

terminal

$ sudo apt-get install python-dev libssl-dev

Or you may need to specify your python3.x-dev version:

terminal

$ sudo apt-get install python3.6-dev libssl-dev

Enterprise Linux based distributions (Fedora, CentOS, RHEL, ...)

terminal

# dnf install python-devel openssl-devel

Installation

Be sure to join the Slack Channel for help or guidance.

Masonite excels at being simple to install and get going. We use a simple command line tool that will become your best friend. You’ll never want to develop again without it. We call them craft commands.

We can download our craft command line tool by just running:

terminal

$ pip install masonite-cli

If you are having installation issues, be sure to read the Known Installation Issues documentation.

Creating Our Project

Great! We are now ready to create our first project. We should have the new craft command. We can check this by running:

terminal

$ craft

This should show a list of command options. If it doesn't then try closing your terminal and reopening it or running it with sudo if you are on a UNIX machine. We are currently only interested in the craft new command. To create a new project just run:

terminal

$ craft new project_name
$ cd project_name

This will get the latest Masonite project template and unzip it for you. We just need to go into our new project directory and install the dependencies in our requirements.txt file.

Activating Our Virtual Environment (optional)

You can optionally create a virtual environment if you don't want to install all of masonite's dependencies on your systems Python. If you use virtual environments then create your virtual environment by running:

terminal

$ python -m venv venv
$ source venv/bin/activate

or if you are on Windows:

terminal

$ python -m venv venv
$ ./venv/Scripts/activate

The pythoncommand here is utilizing Python 3. Your machine may run Python 2 (typically 2.7) by default for UNIX machines. You may set an alias on your machine for Python 3 or simply run python3anytime you see the pythoncommand.

For example, you would run python3 -m venv venv instead of python -m venv venv

Installing Our Dependencies

Now lets install our dependencies. We can do this simply by using a craft command:

terminal

$ craft install

This command is just a wrapper around the pipcommand. This installs all the required dependencies of Masonite, creates a .env file for us, generates a new secret key, and puts that secret key in our .env file. After it’s done we can just run the server by using another craft command:

Running The Server

After it’s done we can just run the server by using another craft command:

terminal

$ craft serve

You can also run the server in auto-reload mode which will rerun the server when file changes are detected:

terminal

$ craft serve -r

Congratulations! You’ve setup your first Masonite project! Keep going to learn more about how to use Masonite to build your applications.

You can also add a auto reloading option to the serve command by running craft serve -r which will reload the server whenever you save a python file.

You can learn more about craft by reading The Craft Command documentation or continue on to learning about how to create web application by first reading the Routing documentation

Masonite has romantic versioning instead of semantic versioning. Because of this, all minor releases (2.0.x) will contain bug fixes and fully backwards compatible feature releases. Be sure to always keep your application up to date with the latest minor release to get the full benefit of Masonite's romantic versioning.

Prologue

Contributing Guide

Introduction

When contributing to this repository, please first discuss the change you wish to make via issue, email, or any other method with the owners or contributors of this repository before making a change.

Please note we have a code of conduct, please follow it in all your interactions with the project.

Getting Started

The framework has three main parts.

This MasoniteFramework/masonite repository is the main repository that will install when creating new projects using the craft new command. Not much development will be done in this repository and won't be changed unless new releases of Masonite require changes in the default installation project.

The MasoniteFramework/core repository where the main masonite pip package lives. This is where the from masonite ... module lives.

The MasoniteFramework/craft repository where the craft command lives

Getting the Masonite repository up and running to be edited

This repo is simple and will be able to be installed following the installation instruction in the README.

Fork the MasoniteFramework/masonite repo.
Clone that repo into your computer:
- git clone http://github.com/your-username/masonite.git
Checkout the current release branch (example: develop)
You should now be on a develop local branch.
Run git pull origin develop to get the current release version.
From there simply create your feature branches (change-default-orm) and make your desired changes.
Push to your origin repository:
- git push origin change-default-orm
Open a pull request and follow the PR process below

Editing the Masonite core repository

The trick to this is that we need it to be pip installed and then quickly editable until we like it, and then pushed back to the repo for a PR. Do this only if you want to make changes to the core Masonite package

To do this just:

Fork the MasoniteFramework/core repo,
Clone that repo into your computer:
- git clone http://github.com/your-username/core.git
Activate your masonite virtual environment (optional)
- Go to where you installed masonite and activate the environment
While inside the virtual environment, cd into the directory you installed core.
Run pip install . from inside the masonite-core directory. This will install masonite as a pip package.
Any changes you make to this package just push it to your feature branch on your fork and follow the PR process below.

This repository has a barebones skeleton of a sample project in order to aid in testing all the features of Masonite against a real project. If you install this as editable by passing the --editable flag then this may break your project because it will override the modules in this package with your application modules.

Editing the craft repository (`craft` commands)

Craft commands make up a large part of the workflow for Masonite. Follow these instructions to get the masonite-cli package on your computer and editable.

Fork the MasoniteFramework/craft repo,
Clone that repo into your computer:
- git clone http://github.com/your-username/craft.git
Activate your masonite virtual environment (optional)
- Go to where you installed masonite and activate the environment
While inside the virtual environment, cd into the directory you installed cli
Run pip install --editable . from inside the masonite-cli directory. This will install craft (which contains the craft commands) as a pip package but also keep a reference to the folder so you can make changes freely to craft commands while not having to worry about continuously reinstalling it.
Any changes you make to this package just push it to your feature branch on your fork and follow the PR process below.

Comments

Comments are a vital part of any repository and should be used where needed. It is important not to overcomment something. If you find you need to constantly add comments, you're code may be too complex. Code should be self documenting (with clearly defined variable and method names)

Types of comments to use

There are 3 main type of comments you should use when developing for Masonite:

Module Docstrings

All modules should have a docstring at the top of every module file and should look something like:

Method and Function Docstrings

All methods and functions should also contain a docstring with a brief description of what the module does

For example:

Code Comments

If you're code MUST be complex enough that future developers will not understand it, add a # comment above it

For normal code this will look something like:

Flagpole Comments

Flag pole comments are a fantastic way to give developers an inside to what is really happening and for now should only be reserved for configuration files. A flag pole comment gets its name from how the comment looks

It's important to note that there should have exactly 75 - above and below the header and have a trailing | at the bottom of the comment.

Pull Request Process

You should open an issue before making any pull requests. Not all features will be added to the framework and some may be better off as a third party package. It wouldn't be good if you worked on a feature for several days and the pull request gets rejected for reasons that could have been discussed in an issue for several minutes.
Ensure any changes are well commented and any configuration files that are added have a flagpole comment on the variables it's setting.
Update the README.md and MasoniteFramework/docs repo with details of changes to the interface, this includes new environment variables, new file locations, container parameters etc.
You must add unit testing for any changes made. Of the three repositories listed above, only the craft and core repos require unit testing.
The PR must pass the Travis CI build. The Pull Request can be merged in once you have a successful review from two other collaborators, or the feature maintainer for your specific feature improvement or the repo owner.

Code of Conduct

Our Pledge

In the interest of fostering an open and welcoming environment, we as contributors and maintainers pledge to making participation in our project and our community a harassment-free experience for everyone, regardless of age, body size, disability, ethnicity, gender identity and expression, level of experience, nationality, personal appearance, race, religion, or sexual identity and orientation.

Our Standards

Examples of behavior that contributes to creating a positive environment include:

Using welcoming and inclusive language
Being respectful of differing viewpoints and experiences
Gracefully accepting constructive criticism
Focusing on what is best for the community
Showing empathy towards other community members

Examples of unacceptable behavior by participants include:

The use of sexualized language or imagery and unwelcome sexual attention or advances
Trolling, insulting/derogatory comments, and personal or political attacks
Public or private harassment
Publishing others' private information, such as a physical or electronic
address, without explicit permission
Other conduct which could reasonably be considered inappropriate in a
professional setting

Our Responsibilities

Project maintainers are responsible for clarifying the standards of acceptable behavior and are expected to take appropriate and fair corrective action in response to any instances of unacceptable behavior.

Project maintainers have the right and responsibility to remove, edit, or reject comments, commits, code, wiki edits, issues, and other contributions that are not aligned to this Code of Conduct, or to ban temporarily or permanently any contributor for other behaviors that they deem inappropriate, threatening, offensive, or harmful.

Scope

This Code of Conduct applies both within project spaces and in public spaces when an individual is representing the project or its community. Examples of representing a project or community include using an official project e-mail address, posting via an official social media account, or acting as an appointed representative at an online or offline event. Representation of a project may be further defined and clarified by project maintainers.

Enforcement

Instances of abusive, harassing, or otherwise unacceptable behavior may be reported by contacting the project team at idmann509@gmail.com. All complaints will be reviewed and investigated and will result in a response that is deemed necessary and appropriate to the circumstances. The project team is obligated to maintain confidentiality with regard to the reporter of an incident. Further details of specific enforcement policies may be posted separately.

Project maintainers who do not follow or enforce the Code of Conduct in good faith may face temporary or permanent repercussions as determined by other members of the project's leadership.

Attribution

How To Contribute

Introduction

There are plenty of ways to contribute to open source. Many of which don't even rely on writing code. A great open source project should have excellent documentation, a thriving community and have as little bugs as possible. Below I will explain how to contribute to this project in different ways both including and excluding code contributions.

This is not an exhaustive list and not the only ways to contribute but they are the most common. If you know of other ways to contribute then please let us know.

Contributing to Development

Of course the project requires contributions to the main development aspects but it's not the only way. But if you would like to contribute to development then a great way to get started is to simply read through this documentation. Get acquainted with how the framework works, how Controllers and Routing work and read the Architectural Concepts documentation starting with the Request Lifecycle, then the Service Providers and finally the Service Container.

It would also be good to read about the Release Cycle to get familiar with how Masonite does releases (SemVer and RomVer).

Become a Feature Maintainer

Feature Maintainers are people who are in charge of specific features (such as Caching or Creating Packages). These developers will be in charge of reviewing PR's and merging them into the development branch and also have direct contact with the repository owner to discuss.

Feature maintainers must already have significant contributions to the development of the repository they are trying to be a Feature Maintainer for. Although they do not have to be contributors to the actual feature they plan to maintain.

Comment the Code

If you don't want to touch the code and instead want to just look at it and figure it out, contribute some comments! Comments are an excellent way for future developers to read and understand the framework. Masonite strives on being extremely commented. Although most of the code itself does not need to be commented, some of the classes, modules, methods and functions do (although a lot of them already are).

Comments don't affect the working code so if you want to get used to contributing to open source or you just don't quite understand what a class method is doing or you are afraid of contributing and breaking the project (there are tests) then contributing comments is right for you!

Write Tests

The Masonite pip packages require testing (The main repository does not). If you want to search through all the tests in the tests directories of those repositories and write additional tests and use cases then that will be great! There are already over 100 tests but you can always write more. With more testing comes more stability. Especially as people start to contribute to the project. Check the tests that are already there and write any use cases that are missing. These tests can be things such as special characters in a url or other oddities that may not have been thought of when using TDD for that feature.

Contribute to Tutorials

Once familiar with the project (by either contributing or by building application using the framework) it would be excellent if you could write or record tutorials and put them on Medium or YouTube. In order for the framework to be successful, it needs to have a plethora of documentation even outside of this documentation. It needs to have notoriety and if people are seeing the framework pop up in their favorite locations they will be more inclined to use the framework and contribute to it as well.

Plus there will be fantastic tutorials out there for beginners to find and watch and you could also build a following off the back of Masonite.

Fix the Documentation

This documentation is fantastic but there are spots where it could be improved. Maybe we haven't explained something fully or something just doesn't make sense to you. Masonite uses Gitbook.com to host it's documentation and with that you are able to comment directly on the documentation which will start a discussion between you and the documentation collaborators. So if you want to cycle through the documentation page by page and get acquainted with the framework but at the same time contribute to the documentation, this is perfect for you.

Report Bugs

If you just don't want to contribute code to the main project you may instead simply report bugs or improvements. You can go ahead and build any of your applications as usual and report any bugs you encounter to the GitHub.com issues page.

Squash Bugs

Look at the issues page on GitHub.com for any issues, bugs or enhancements that you are willing to fix. If you don't know how to work on them, just comment on the issue and Joseph Mancuso or other core contributors will be more than happy explaining step by step on how you can go about fixing or developing that issue.

Build a Community

If you have a large following on any social media or no following at all, you can contribute by trying to build up a following around Masonite. Any open source project requires an amazing community around the framework. You can either build up a community personally and be the leader of that community or you can simply send them to Masonite's GitHub repository where we can build up a community around there.

Build Community Software Around Masonite

Another idea is to use Masonite to build applications such as a screencast website like LaraCasts.com or an official Masonite website or even a social network around Masonite. Every great framework needs it's "ecosystem" so you may be apart of that by building these applications with the Masonite branding and logos. Although copying the branding requires an OK from Joseph Mancuso, as long as the website was built with Masonite and looks clean it shouldn't be a problem at all.

Answer Questions from the Community

Questions will come in eventually either through the GitHub issues or through websites like StackOverflow. You could make it a priority to be the first to answer these peoples questions or if you don't know the answer you can redirect one of the core maintainers or contributors to the question so we can answer it further.

Review Code on Pull Requests

Most pull requests will sit inside GitHub for a few days while it gets quality tested. The main develop branch pull requests could sit there for as long as 6 months and will only be merged in on releases. With that being said, you can look at the file changes of these pull requests and ensure they meet the community guidelines, the API is similar to other aspects of the project and that they are being respectful and following pull requests rules in accordance with the Contributing Guide documentation.

Discuss Issues

Every now and then will be a requires discussion label on an issue or pull request. If you see this label then be sure to add your thoughts on an issue. All issues are open for discussion and Masonite strives off of developer input so feel free to enter a discussion.

Create Packages

Every framework needs great packages and we as the maintainers of Masonite can only do so much with coming out with great packages and maintaining the framework at the same time. We look forward to our community coming out with awesome additions to the Masonite ecosystem. If you have any issues then be sure to open in the gitter chatroom on the Github homepage.

Release Cycle

Introduction

The Masonite framework itself follows the RomVer versioning schema which is PARADIGM.MAJOR.MINOR although all Masonite packages follow the SemVer versioning schema which is MAJOR.MINOR.BUGFIX.

This means that a framework version of 1.3.20 may have breaking changes with version 1.4.0. Masonite uses a 6 month major release cycle in order to maintain it's state as a modern Python web framework. Each release is a solid and stable release and upgrading typically takes minimal time.

Reasoning for RomVer over SemVer

The Masonite main repository (the MasoniteFramework/masonite repository) contains only the basic file structure of the application. All of the core framework functionality is inside the MasoniteFramework/core repository which can be updated as much as every day or once per month.

Because MasoniteFramework/masonite does not require major updates, we can follow RomVer nicely and keep the versioning number artificially lower. Any major updates to this repository will likely just be file structure changes which should rarely happen unless there are major architectural changes.

Releases and Release Cycles

TL;DR: Minor release every 2 weeks. Major release every 6 months. Beta releases every 1 month starting 4 months out from major release (i.e: September, October, November is beta 1, 2 and 3 and then feature freeze for beta 3). Then the major release on the 4th month (December). Similar concept for June releases.

Masonite is currently on a 6 month major release cycle. This means that once six months will be a new 2.x release.

Releases and Release Cycles

Masonite is currently on a 6 month major release cycle. This means that once six months will be a new 2.x release.

Releases are planned to be upgradable from the previous release in 30 minutes or less. If they break that requirement then they should be considered for the next Paradigm release (the x.0.0 release)

Scheduled Releases

Creating Releases

Masonite is currently on a 6 month release cycle and is made up of three different repositories:

The main repository where development is done on the repo that installs on developer's systems.
The "core" repository which is where the main Masonite pip package is located.
The craft repository where the craft command tool is located.

Development Releases

When developing new releases there will be 3 beta releases before the final release. So for example if Masonite 2.1 is being released in December, there will be a beta 1 release in September, beta 2 in October, beta 3 in November and then the final 2.1 release in December.

These releases will be called something like:

v2.1.0b1
v2.1.0b2
v2.1.0b3
v2.1.0

The core repository is uploaded to PyPi under the new release number. At this time, everyone could theoretically install the package. Once core is released, craft is updated for any minor changes it may require. Once these two repositories are completed, the masonite repository is updated and finally released. Once this repo is released to the latest version, all future projects will default to the latest version of Masonite.

The third beta release will be a complete feature freeze and not introduce any new features.

Development Fixes

Sometimes we might come out with a beta release and something is broke on it that was not caught in tests and we need to "hotfix" them. These will be called "post" releases since they will append a postN to the beta release and will be numbered like so:

v2.1.0b1.post1

A full release structure from 2.0 to 2.1 might be something like:

v2.0.16 - Normal minor release
v2.1.0b1 - First beta release
v2.1.0b1.post1 - Bugfix on beta 1 release
v2.1.0b2 - Second beta release
v2.1.0b2.post1 - Bugfix on beta 2 release
v2.1.0b2.post2 - Bugfix on beta 2 release
v2.1.0b3 - Third beta release
v2.1.0 - Final release

After that we will bump the version of Masonite in the documentation and verify and update any documentation that is not up to date or standard.

Whenever the MasoniteFramework/craft and MasoniteFramework/core repositories are released on Github, Travis CI will run tests and automatically deploy to PyPi. These major version numbers should correspond to the version of Masonite they support. For example, if the MasoniteFramework/masonite releases to version 1.4, MasoniteFramework/core should bump up to 1.4.x regardless of changes.

Main Repository and New Projects

The main repository which is MasoniteFramework/masonite does not have a corresponding PyPi package and is only for installing new Masonite projects. See the craft new command under The Craft Command documentation. The craft new command will download a zip of the latest release of Masonite, unzip it and rename the folder. Once the next release for this repository is ready, it will be released but marked as a Pre-release and therefore will not be installable by the default craft new command.

This is so developers and maintainers will be able to test the new pre release with their applications. Once all QA tests have passed, it will be marked as a normal release and therefore all new applications created from there on out will be the new release.

Developers will still have the option of doing something like: craft new project_name --version 1.6 and installing that version of Masonite.

Once all three repositories are ready for release, they will all be released on GitHub under the respective new version numbers.

Testing New Beta Releases

You may want to test new beta releases to help with any existing bugs. Upgrade guides will be release between the beta 3 release and the final release so it might not be possible to upgrade your existing application within a beta 1 or beta 2 release.

You may still create new applications though since those should work pretty much the same as the previous release in terms of installation. Here are the installation instructions to test new beta releases:

Craft New

You'll need to first craft new the project but use the develop branch:

$ craft new project_name --branch develop

Requirements.txt

You may need to update this file as well to change the masonite version to the latest beta version. You can find the latest beta version on GitHub.

waitress==1.1.0
masonite==2.1.0b1.post3

Install

Now we just need to install the application like normal. Here we will first create and activate the virtual environment:

$ python3 -m venv venv
$ source venv/bin/activate
$ craft install

If you're on Windows you'll need to activate the virtual environment with the ./venv/Scripts/activate command.

Great! You now have the latest release of Masonite. Documentation may or may not be up to date. Check the latest version number in the documentation

Known Installation Issues

Introduction

There are no known Masonite specific issues known and if there are then there should be an issue open for them on GitHub. With that being said, some users may experience some difficulties with installing Masonite simply because their computer environment is not the norm, they have never setup Python and may have configured it incorrectly or they have not used Python in a while and have an old version.

Before you get started reading through this FAQ make sure you have:

Python 3.4+
Pip3

Ensure you are installing masonite-cli with pip3 and not pip.

I ran pip install masonite-cli but it gave me a permission error?

You are likely running this command on a UNIX based machine like Mac or Linux. In that case you should either run it again with a sudo command or a user command flag:

$ sudo pip install masonite-cli

$ pip install --user masonite-cli

I pip installed masonite-cli but running craft doesn't work?

If you ran:

$ pip install masonite-cli

and then run:

$ craft

and get something like:

-bash: craft: command not found

then try closing your terminal and reopening it. If that doesn't work then you may be running a pip version connecting to Python 2.7. Try uninstalling it and reinstalling it using pip3:

$ pip uninstall masonite-cli
$ pip3 install masonite-cli

If that does not work then you may have to run sudo:

$ pip3 uninstall masonite-cli
$ sudo pip3 install masonite-cli

I'm getting this weird ModuleNotFound idna issue when running the craft new command

You may get a strange error like:

pkg_resources.DistributionNotFound: The 'idna<2.7,>=2.5' distribution was not found and is required by requests

The simple fix may just be to run:

pip install --upgrade requests

If that doesn't work we can just go back to the lower idna version:

pip install idna==2.6

If that does not fix the issue then continue reading.

If the above fix did not work then this likely means you installed masonite-cli using the Python 2.7 pip command. Out of the box, all Mac and Linux based machines have Python 2.7. If you run:

$ python --version

you should get a return value of:

Python 2.7.14

But if you run:

$ python3 --version

you should get a return value of:

Python 3.6.5

Now pip commands are similar:

$ pip --version
pip 10.0.1 /location/of/installation (python 2.7)

$ pip3 --version
pip 10.0.1 /location/of/installation (python 3.6)

Notice here we are using 2 different Python installations.

So if you are getting this error you should uninstall masonite-cli from pip and reinstall it using pip3:

$ pip uninstall masonite-cli
$ pip3 install masonite-cli

You may have to run sudo to remove and install it and you may need to close your terminal to get it work if you are using a UNIX machine.

I installed masonite-cli successfully but the craft command is not showing up

If you installed everything successfully and running:

$ craft

Shows an error that it can't be found then try closing your terminal and opening it again. This should refresh any commands that were recently installed

If you still have errors and on a UNIX based machine try running:

$ sudo pip3 install masonite-cli

I'm getting a module urlib has no attribute urlopen

You likely ran:

$ craft new project_name

and hit this weird snag that throws this ambiguous error. You might think this is because of a Python version issue but craft is designed to work on Python 2.7 and 3.4+ (although 2.7 and not thoroughly tested) and you're years of Python experience would make you right but this is special. If you are getting this error then that means you are likely on a UNIX machine, Mac right?

The problem is that your machine does not have sufficient permissions to access these external calls from the command line because your machine does not have permission to do so. You will have to give you machine the command to do so by running:

$ /Applications/Python\ 3.6/Install\ Certificates.command

or whatever your Python 3 version is in the middle. Now try running:

$ craft new project_name

and it should work great!

What's New

Masonite 1.3

Introduction

Masonite 1.3 comes with a plethora of improvements over previous versioning. This version brings new features such as Queue and Mail drivers as well as various bug fixes.

Fixed infinite redirection

Previously when you tried to redirect using the Request.redirect() method, Masonite would sometimes send the browser to an infinite redirection. This was because masonite was not resetting the redirection attributes of the Request class.

Fixed browser content length

Previously the content length in the request header was not being set correctly which led to the gunicorn server showing a warning that the content length did not match the content of the output.

Changed how request input data is retrieved

Previously the Request class simply got the input data on both POST and GET requests by converting the wsgi.input WSGI parameter into a string and parsing. All POST input data is now retrieved using FieldStorage which adds support for also getting files from multipart/formdata requests.

Added Upload drivers

You may now simply upload images to both disk and Amazon S3 storage right out of the box. With the new UploadProvider service provider you can simply do something like:

As well as support for Amazon S3 by setting the DRIVER to s3.

Added several helper functions

These helper functions are added functions to the builtin Python functions which can be used by simply calling them as usual:

Added a way to have global template variables

Very often you will want to have a single variable accessible in all of your views, such as the Request object or other class. We can use the new View class for this and put it in its own service provider:

Middleware is now resolved by the container

You can now specify anything that is in the container in your middleware constructor and it will be resolved automatically from the container

Added new domain method to the Get and Post classes

Specify the subdomain you want to target with your route. It's common to want to have separate routes for your public site and multi-tenant sites. This will now look something like:

Added new module method to Get and Post routes

By default, masonite will look for routes in the app/http/controllers namespace but you can change this for individual routes:

This will look for the controller in the thirdparty.routes module.

Added Queues and Jobs

Masonite 1.4

Introduction

Masonite 1.4 brings several new features to Masonite. These features include caching, template caching, websocket support with Masonite calls Broadcasting and much more testing to make Masonite as stable as possible. If you would like to contribute to Masonite, please read the Contributing Guide and the How To Contribute documentation.

If you are upgrading from Masonite 1.3 then please read the Masonite 1.3 to 1.4 documentation.

Broadcast Support

We recognize that in order for frameworks to keep up with modern web application, they require real time broadcasting. Masonite 1.4 brings basic broadcasting of events to masonite and comes with two drivers out of the box: pusher and ably. If you'd like to create more drivers then you can do so easily by reading the About Drivers documentation. If you do create a driver, please consider making it available on PyPi so others can install it into their projects or open an issue on GitHub and make to add it to the built in drivers.

Caching

Masonite now has a built in caching class that you can use to either cache forever or cache for a specific amount of time.

Template Caching

Templates may have a lot of logic that are only updated every few minutes or even every few months. With template caching you can now cache your templates anywhere from every few seconds to every few years. This is an extremely powerful caching technique that will allow your servers to run less intensively and easily increase the performance of your application.

If a page gets hit 100 times every second then you can cache for 5, 10 or 15 seconds at a time to lessen the load on your server.

This feature only activates if you have the CacheProvider loaded in your PROVIDERS list. If you try to use these features without that provider then you will be hit with a RequiredContainerBindingNotFound exception letting you know you are missing a required binding from a service provider. This provider comes out of the box in Masonite 1.4.

PEP 8 Standards

We have also updated the code to closely conform to PEP 8 standards.

Added a New Folder and Configuration File

Because of the caching features, we have added a bootstrap/cache folder where all caching will be put but you can change this in the new config/cache.py file.

Added Contracts

Masonite 1.4 brings the idea of contracts which are very similar to interfaces in other languages. Contracts ensure that a driver or manager inherits has the same functionality across all classes of the same type.

Added CSRF Protection

Cross-Site Request Forgery is a crucial security milestone to hit and Masonite 1.4 brings that ability. With a new Service Provider and middleware, we can now add a simple {{ csrf_field|safe }} to our forms and ensure we are protected from CSRF attacks.

Changed Managers

Managers were very redundant before this release so we made it much easier to create managers with 2 simple class attributes instead of the redundant method. Managers are used to manage features and drivers to Masonite.

Middleware is now resolved by the container

Now the constructor of all middleware is resolved by the container. This means you may use the IOC dependency injection techniques like controller methods and drivers.

Fixed unused imports

There were two unused imports in the models that Masonite created. These have been removed completely.

Masonite 1.5

Introduction

Masonite 1.5 is focused on a few bug fixes and changes to several core classes in order to expand on the support of third party package integration.

Masonite Entry

Masonite 1.5 is releasing also with a new official package for adding RESTful API's to your project. This package used API Resources which are classes that can add a plethora of capabilities to your API endpoints. You can read more about it at the documentation.

HTTP Methods

Masonite 1.5 also adds additional support HTTP methods like PUT, PATCH and DELETE. More information about these new routes can be found under the documentation

Moving Dependencies

Nearly all dependencies have been moved to the core Masonite package. The only thing inside the project that is installed using craft new is the WSGI server (which is waitress by default) and Masonite itself. This will improve the ability to change and update dependencies.

Changing Form Request Methods

HTML forms only support GET and POST so there is no the ability to add any other HTTP methods like PUT and PATCH which will change the actual request method on submission. You can read more about this in the documentation.

Added Shorthand Route Helpers

Removed API from core

In Masonite 1.4 and below was the Api() route which added some very basic API endpoints. All references to API's have been removed from core and added to the new Masonite Entry official package.

If you would like to use API's you will have to use the Masonite Entry package instead.

Headers

Cookies

Caching Driver Update

An All New Craft Command

Adding Commands

Adding Migration Directories

Added Sessions

You can now add data to sessions using the new Sessions feature which comes with a memory and cookie driver for storing data.

Craft Auto Adds Site Packages

In previous versions, Masonite has not been able to fetch the site packages directory if you were in a virtual environment because virtual environment directories are dynamically named depending on who created it. We have found a way to detect the virtual environment and the site packages directory so now there is no need to add the site packages directory manually to the packages configuration file

Masonite 1.6

Introduction

Masonite 1.6 brings mostly minor changes to the surface layer of Masonite. This release brings a lot of improvements to the engine of Masonite and sets up the framework for the release of 2.0.

HttpOnly Cookies

Previously, all cookies were set with an HttpOnly flag when setting cookies. This change came after reading several articles about how cookies can be read from Javascript libraries, which is fine, unless those Javascript libraries have been compromised which could lead to a malicious hacker sending your domain name and session cookies to a third party. There is no the ability to turn the HttpOnly flag off when setting cookies by creating cookies like:

request().cookie('key', 'value', http_only=False)

Moved Commands

Because craft is it's own tool essentially and it needs to work across Masonite versions, all commands have been moved into the Masonite repository itself. Now each version of Masonite maintains it's own commands. The new craft version is 2.0

pip install masonite-cli==2.0

Drivers Can Now Change To Other Drivers

Before, you had to use the Manager class associated with a driver to switch a driver. For example:

def show(self, Upload, UploadManager):
    Upload.store(...) # default driver
    UploadManager.driver('s3').store(...) # switched drivers

Now you can switch drivers from the driver itself:

def show(self, Upload):
    Upload.store(...) # default driver
    Upload.driver('s3').store(...) # switched drivers

New Absolute Controllers Syntax

This version has been fine tuned for adding packages to Masonite. This version will come along with a new Masonite Billing package. The development of Masonite Billing has discovered some rough spots in package integrations. One of these rough spots were adding controllers that were not in the project. For example, Masonite Billing allows adding a controller that handles incoming Stripe webhooks. Although this was possible before this release, Masonite 1.6 has added a new syntax:

ROUTES = [
    ...
    # Old Syntax:
    Get().route('/url/here', 'Controller@show').module('billing.controllers')
    
    # New Syntax:
    Get().route('/url/here', '/billing.controllers.Controller@show')
    ...
]

Notice the new forward slash in the beginning where the string controller goes.

Changed How Controllers Are Created

Previously, controllers were created as they were specified. For example:

$ craft controller DashboardController

created a DashboardController. Now the "Controller" part of the controller is appended by default for you. Now we can just specify:

$ craft controller Dashboard

to create our DashboardController. You may was to actually just create a controller called Dashboard. We can do this by specifying a flag:

$ craft controller Dashboard -e

short for "exact"

Added Resource Controllers

It's also really good practice to create 1 controller per "action type." For example we might have a BlogController and a PostController. It's easy to not be sure what action should be in what controllers or what to name your actions. Now you can create a "Resource Controller" which will give you a list of actions such as show, store, create, update etc etc. If what you want to do does not fit with an action you have then you may want to consider making another controller (such as an AuthorController)

You can now create these Resource Controllers like:

craft controller Dashboard -r

Added Global Views

Just like the global controllers, some packages may require you to add a view that is located in their package (like the new exception debug view in 1.6) so you may now add views in different namespaces:

def show(self):
    return view('/masonite/views/index')

This will get a template that is located in the masonite package itself.

Added Route Groups

You can now group routes based on a specific string prefix. This will now look like:

routes/web.py

from masonite.helpers.routes import get, group
ROUTES = [
    get('/home', ...)
    group('/dashboard', [
        get('/user', ...)
        get('/user/1')
    ])
]

which will compile down into /dashboard/user and /dashboard/user/1

Changed Container Resolving

The container was one of the first features coded in the 1.x release line. For Masonite 1.6 we have revisited how the container resolves objects. Before this release you had to put all annotation classes in the back of the parameter list:

from masonite.request import Request

def show(self, Upload, request: Request):
    pass

If we put the annotation in the beginning it would have thrown an error because of how the container resolved.

Now we can put them in any order and the container will grab each one and resolve it.

from masonite.request import Request

def show(self, Upload, request: Request, Broadcast):
    pass

This will now work when previously it did not.

Resolving Instances

The container will now resolve instances of classes as well. It's a common paradigm to "code to an interface and not an implementation." Because of this paradigm, Masonite comes with contracts that act as interfaces but in addition to this, we can also resolve instances of classes.

For example, all Upload drivers inherit the UploadContract contract so we can simply resolve the UploadContract which will return an Upload Driver:

from masonite.contracts.UploadContract import UploadContract

def show(self, upload: UploadContract):
    upload.store(...)

Notice here that we annotated an UploadContract but got back the actual upload driver.

Container Collection

You can now search the container and "collect" objects from it by key using the new collect method:

app.collect('Sentry*Hook')

which will find all keys in the container such as SentryExceptionHook and SentryWebHook and make a new dictionary out of them.

Removed Some Dependencies

A complaint a few developers pointed out was that Masonite has too many dependencies. Masonite added Pusher, Ably and Boto3 packages by default which added a bit of overhead, especially if developers have no intentions on real time event broadcasting (which most applications probably won't). These dependencies have now been removed and will throw an exception if they are used without the required dependencies.

Framework Hooks

Masonite 1.6 + will slowly be rolling out various framework hooks. These hooks will allow developers and third party packages to integrate into various events that are fired throughout the framework. Currently there is the abilitity to tie into the exception hook which will call any objects loaded into the container whenever an exception is hit. This is great if you want to add things like Sentry into your project. Other hooks will be implemented such as View, Mail and Upload Hooks.

Masonite 2.0

Masonite 2 brings an incredible new release to the Masonite family. This release brings a lot of new features to Masonite to include new status codes, database seeding, built in cron scheduling, controller constructor resolving, auto-reloading server, a few new internal ways that Masonite handles things, speed improvements to some code elements and so much more. We think developers will be extremely happy with this release.

Upgrading from Masonite 1.6 to Masonite 2.0 shouldn't take very long. On an average sized project, this upgrade should take around 30 minutes. We'll walk you through the changes you have to make to your current project and explain the reasoning behind it.

Checkout the

Controller Constructors

Controller constructors are now resolved by the container so this removed some redundancy within your code and any duplicated auto resolving can now be directly in your constructor:

Tinker Command

There is a new command that starts a Python shell and imports the container for you already. Test it out to verify that objects are loaded into your container correctly. It's a great debugging tool.

Show Routes Command

Masonite 2 ships with an awesome little helper command that allows you to see all the routes in your application

Server Reloading

A huge update to Masonite is the new --reload flag on the serve command. Now the server will automatically restart when it detects a file change. You can use the -r flag as a shorthand:

Autoloading

An incredible new feature is autoloading support. You can now list directories in the new AUTOLOAD constant in your config/application.py file and it will automatically load all classes into the container. This is great for loading command and models into the container when the server starts up.

You can also use this class as a standalone class in your own service providers.

Updated Libraries

Updated all libraries to the latest version with the exception of the Pendulum library which latest version is a breaking change and therefore was left out. The breaking change would not be worth it to add the complexity of upgrading so you may upgrade on a per project basis.

Removed Importing Duplicate Class Names

Previously you had to import classes like:

Now you can simply specify:

Because of this change we no longer need the same duplicated class names in the PROVIDERS list either.

Redirection Provider

Removed the need for the redirection provider completely. You need to remove this from your PROVIDERS list.

Redirection

Renamed Request.redirectTo to Request.redirect_to

Also removed the .send() method and moved the dictionary into a parameter:

Request Only

Added a new Request.only method to fetch only specific inputs needed.

Get Request Method

Added a new Request.get_request_method() method to the Request class.

New Argument in Request.all

You can now completely remove fetching of any inputs that Masonite handles internally such as __token and __method when fetching any inputs. This is also great for building third party libraries:

Made several changes to the CSRF Middleware

Because of the changes to internal framework variables, there are several changes to the CSRF middleware that comes in every application of Masonite.

Added Scheduler to Masonite

Added a new default package to Masonite that allows scheduling recurring tasks:

Added Database Seeding Support

It's important during development that you have the ability to seed your database with dummy data. This will improve team development with Masonite to get everyones database setup accordingly.

Added a New Static File Helper

Now all templates have a new static function in them to improve rendering of static assets

Added a New Password Helper

You can use the password helper to hash passwords more simply than using straight bcrypt:

Added Dot Notation To Upload Drivers And Dictionary Support To Driver Locations.

You can now specify which location in your drivers you want to upload to using a new dot notation:

This will use the directory stored in:

Added Status Code Provider

Masonite 2 removes the bland error codes such as 404 and 500 errors and replaces them with a cleaner view. This also allows you to add custom error pages.

Added Explicitly Imported Providers

Providers are now explicitly imported at the top of the file and added to your PROVIDERS list which is now located in config/providers.py. This completely removes the need for string providers and boosts the performance of the application sustantially

Masonite 2.1

This is currently unreleased and is in a Beta 3 release. There will be the final release of 2.1 in December.

Learn more about releases in the documentation.

Introduction

Masonite 2.1 introduces a few new changes that are designed to correct course for the 2.x family and ensure we can go far into the 2.x family without having to make huge breaking changes. It was questionable whether we should break from the 2.x family and start a new 3.x line. The biggest question was removing (actually disabling) the ability to resolve parameters and go with the more favorable annotation resolving. That could have made Masonite a 3.x line but we have ultimately decided to go with the 2.1 as a course correction. Below you will find all changes that went into making 2.1 awesome. Nearly all of these changes are breaking changes.

These changes are subject to change before the final release.

All classes in core now have docstrings

It is much easier to contribute to Masonite now since nearly classes have awesome docstrings explaining what they do, their dependencies and what they return.

Auto Resolving Parameters

We have completely removed parameter resolving. We can no longer resolve like this:

in favor of the more explicit:

This is a bit of a big change and will be most of the time spent on refactoring your application to upgrade to Masonite 2.1. If you already used the more explicit version then you won't have to worry about this change. It is still possible to resolve parameters by passing that keyword argument to your container to activate that feature:

This should help with upgrading from 2.0 to 2.1 until you have refactored your application. Then you should deactivate this keyword argument so you can be in line with future 2.x releases.

You can choose to keep it activated if that is how you want to create applications but it won't be officially supported by packages, future releases or in the documentation.

Class Middleware

All middleware are now classes:

this is different from the previous string based middleware

Removed the Payload Input

Previously when getting an incoming JSON response, we had to get the values via the payload input like so:

which was kind of strange in hindsight. Now we can just straight up use the input:

Again this is only a change for incoming JSON responses. Normal form inputs remain the same.

Removed the facades module.

Previously we had a facades module but it was being unused and we didn't see a future for this module so we moved the only class in this module to it's own class. All instances of:

now become:

Provider Refactoring

Route Provider

Moved parameter parsing into if statement

We also noticed that for some reason we were parsing parameters before we found routes but we only ever needed those parameters inside our routes so we were parsing them whether we found a route or not. We moved the parsing of parameters into the if statement that executes when a route is found.

When we say "parsing route parameters" we mean the logic required to parse this:

into a usable form to use on the request class this:

StartResponse Provider

This provider has been completely removed for the more recommended ResponseMiddleware which will need to be added to your HTTP middleware list:

Moved parameter parsing into if statement

When we say "parsing route parameters" we mean the logic required to parse this:

into a usable form to use on the request class this:

Added ability use dot notation for views

You can now optionally use . instead of / in your views:

Moved the CsrfMiddleware into core and extended it

We moved the CSRF middleware completely into the core framework and allow developers to extend from it now. This will allow us to fix any security bugs that are apart of the CSRF feature.

You may see this pattern a lot in the future which is only extending classes from the core framework so we can hot fix things much better.

Completely cleaned the project

Masonite now has a plethora of docstrings on each and every class by default to really give the developer an understanding about what each default class is actually doing and what it is dependent on.

Masonite is also much more PEP 8 compliant. We removed all instances of triple single quotes: ''' for the more preferred and PEP 8 compliant double quotes """ for docstrings.

We also cleaned a lot of the classes generated by the auth command since those were pretty ugly.

Removed Helper functions by default

We also removed all instances of helper functions by default since it was confusing developers and was throwing red squiggly marks for text editors. They are still available to be used but they will not be known to developers unless they discover them in the documentation. Now all default code explicitly resolves via the container and helper functions can be used on the developers own terms.

Helper functions are still available but you will need to use them on your own terms.

Added seeds by default

Now every application has a basic seeding structure setup which is the same as if running the craft seed command. This is to promote more use of this awesome feature which can be used in migration files for quick seeding of databases for development.

Added code to init.py file in migrations and seeds

We were previously not able to import code into our migration files or database seeders because the command line tool would not pick up our current working directory to import classes into. Now the migrations module and seeds module have 3 lines of code:

this helpers when running the command line to import code into these modules.

Route Printing

In development you would see a message like:

When you hit a route in development mode. Well you would also hit it in production mode too since that was never turned off. Although this is likely fine, it would slow down the framework significantly under load since it takes a bit of resources to print something that didn't need to be printed. This enables a bit of a performance boost.

Added migrate:status Command

This command gets the statuses of all migrations in all directories. To include third party migration directories that are added to your project.

Added `simple` container bindings

Sometimes you do not need to bind an object to any key, you just want the object in the container. For this you can now do simple bindings like this:

Added a new global mail helper

This new mail helper can be used globally which points to the default mail driver:

Removed the need for `|safe` filters on built in template helpers.

We no longer need to do:

We can now simply do:

Improved setting status codes

Previously we had to specify the status code as a string:

in order for these to be used properly. Now we can just specify the status code:

Added several new methods to service providers

There is quite a bit of things to remember when binding various things into the container. For example when binding commands, the key needs to be postfixed with Command like ModelCommand. Now we can do things like:

Along with this there are several other methods to help you bind things into the container without having to remember all the special rules involved, if any.

Added View Routes

We now have View Routes on all instances of the normal HTTP classes:

Renamed cache_exists to exists

We previously used this method on the Cache class like so:

Now we removed the cache_ prefix and it is just:

Added without method to request class

We can now use the .without() method on the request class which returns all inputs except the ones specified:

Added port to database

Previously the port was missing from the database configuration settings. This was fine when using the default connection but did not work unless added to the config.

Added ability to use a dictionary for setting headers.

Instead of doing something like:

We can now use a dictionary:

Added a new Match route

We can now specify a route with multiple HTTP methods. This can be done like so:

Added Masonite Events into core

Core can now emit events that can be listened to through the container.

Added ability to set email verification

Now you can setup a way to send email verifications into your user signup workflow simply but inherting a class to your User model.

Request redirection set status codes

Now all redirections set the status code implicitly instead of explicitly needing to set them.

Added craft middleware command

Now you can use craft middleware MiddlewareName in order to scaffold middleware like other classes.

View can use dot notation

All views can optionally use dot notation instead of foward slashes:

is the same as:

Added Swap to container

We can now do container swapping which is swapping out a class when it is resolved. In other words we may want to change what objects are returned when certain objects are resolved. These objects do not have to be in the container in the first place.

Added a new env function

You can now use a env function to automatically type cast your environment variables turning a numeric into an int:

Added ability to resolve with paramaters at the same time

You can now resolve from a container with a parameter list in addition to custom parameters.

Added password reset to auth command

In addition to all the awesome things that craft auth generates, we now generate password reset views and controllers as well for you

Route Compiler

Fixed an issue where custom route compilers was not working well with request parameters

Added Database Seeders

All new 2.1 projects have a seeder setup so you can quickly make some mock users to start off your application. All users have a randomly generated email and the password of "secret".

You can run seeders by running:

Made HTTP Prefix to None by Default

When setting headers we had to set the http_prefix to None more times then not. So it is set by default.

This:

can change to:

Getting a header returns blank string rather than None

Originally the code:

would return None if there was no header. Now this returns a blank string.

Added Maintenance Mode

There is now an up and down command so you can put that in your application in a maintenance state via craft commands:

There is also a new MaintenanceModeMiddleware:

Upgrade Guide

Masonite 1.3 to 1.4

Introduction

Masonite 1.4 brings several new features and a few new files. This is a very simple upgrade and most of the changes were done in the pip package of Masonite. The upgrade from 1.3 to 1.4 should take less than 10 minutes

Requirements.txt File

This requirement file has the masonite>=1.3,<=1.3.99 requirement. This should be changed to masonite>=1.4,<=1.4.99. You should also run pip install --upgrade -r requirements.txt to upgrade the Masonite pip package.

New Cache Folder

There is now a new cache folder under bootstrap/cache which will be used to store any cached files you use with the caching feature. Simply create a new bootstrap/cache folder and optionally put a .gitignore file in it so your source control will pick it up.

New Cache and Broadcast Configuration

Masonite 1.4 brings a new config/cache.py and config/broadcast.py files. These files can be found on the page and can be copied and pasted into your project. Take a look at the new file and the file. Just copy and paste those configuration files into your project.

3 New Service Providers

Masonite comes with a lot of out of the box functionality and nearly all of it is optional but Masonite 1.4 ships with three new providers. Most Service Providers are not ran on every request and therefore does not add significant overhead to each request. To add these 3 new Service Providers simple add these to the bottom of the list of framework providers:

Note however that if you add the CsrfProvider then you will also need the CSRF middleware which is new in Masonite 1.4. Read the section below to add the middleware

CSRF and CSRF Middleware

Masonite 1.4 adds CSRF protection. So anywhere there is any POST form request, you will need to add the {{ csrf_field|safe }} to it. For example:

Lastly, put that middleware into the HTTP_MIDDLEWARE list inside config/middleware.py like so:

Changes to Database Configuration

should now be:

with this change

Masonite 1.4 to 1.5

Introduction

Masonite 1.5 doesn't bring many file changes to Masonite so this upgrade is fairly straight forward and should take less than 10 minutes.

Requirements.txt

All requirements are now gone with the exception of the WSGI server (waitress) and the Masonite dependency. You should remove all dependencies and only put:

Site Packages Configuration

If you have added your site packages directory to our packages configuration file, you can now remove this because Craft commands can now detect your site packages directory in your virtual environment.

Api Removal

Remove the masonite.providers.ApiProvider.ApiProvider from the PROVIDERS list as this has been removed completely in 1.5

If you are using the Api() route inside routes/api.py for API endpoints then remove this as well. You will need to implement API endpoints using the new Official package instead.

You'll also have to add a new RESOURCES = [] line to your routes/api.py file for the new Masonite Entry package if you choose to use it.

Craft Commands

This release works with the new craft command release. Upgrade to version masonite-cli / 1.1+. <1.1 will only work with Masonite 1.4 and below.

Simply run:

You may have to run sudo if you are using a UNIX machine.

Sessions

Masonite 1.5 now has sessions that can be used to hold temporary data. It comes with the cookie and memory drivers. Memory stores all data in a class which is lost when the server restarts and the cookie driver sets cookies in the browser.

There is a new config/session.py file you can copy and paste:

As well as add the SessionProvider inside your PROVIDERS list just below the AppProvider:

Finished

That's it! You have officially upgrades to Masonite 1.5

Masonite 1.5 to 1.6

Introduction

Not much has changed in the actual project structure of Masonite 1.6 so we just need to make some minor changes to our existing 1.5 project

Requirements.txt

We just have to change our Masonite dependency version in this file:

Bootstrap/start.py

Masonite 1.6 now wraps the majority of the application in a try and catch block so we can add exception handling such as the new debug view and other exception features down the road such as Sentry and other error logging.

In the middle of the file (line 45 if you have not made changes to this file) we can simply wrap the application:

This will also display an exception view whenever an exception is it.

Finished

That's all the changes we have to make for our project.

Masonite 1.6 to 2.0

Upgrading from Masonite 1.6 to Masonite 2.0 shouldn't take very long although it does have the largest amount of changes in a single release. On an average sized project, this upgrade should take around 30 minutes. We'll walk you through the changes you have to make to your current project and explain the reasoning behind it

Application and Provider Configuration

Masonite 2 adds some improvements with imports. Previously we had to import providers and drivers like:

from masonite.providers.UploadProvider import UploadProvider

Because of this, all framework Service Providers will need to cut out the redundant last part. The above code should be changed to:

from masonite.providers import UploadProvider

Masonite 2 brings a more explicit way of declaring Service Providers in your application. You'll need to take your current PROVIDERS list inside the config/application.py file and move it into a new config/providers.py file.

Now all Service Providers should be imported at top of the file and added to the list:

config/providers.py

from masonite.providers import (
    AppProvider,
    SessionProvider,
    RouteProvider
)

...

PROVIDERS = [
    # Framework Providers
    AppProvider,
    SessionProvider,
    RouteProvider,
    ....
]

String providers will still work but it is not recommended and will not be supported in current and future releases of Masonite.

WSGI changes

There are a few changes in the wsgi.py file and the bootstrap/start.py file.

In the wsgi.py file we should add a new import at the top:

...
# from pydoc import locate - Remove This
...
from config import application, providers
...

container.bind('WSGI', app)
container.bind('Application', application)

# New Additions Here
container.bind('ProvidersConfig', providers)
container.bind('Providers', providers)
container.bind('WSGIProviders', providers)

Then change the code logic of bootstrapping service providers from:

wsgi.py

for provider in container.make('Application').PROVIDERS:
    locate(provider)().load_app(container).register()
    
for provider in container.make('Application').PROVIDERS: 
    located_provider = locate(provider)().load_app(container)
    if located_provider.wsgi is False:
        container.resolve(locate(provider)().load_app(container).boot)

to:

wsgi.py

 for provider in container.make('ProvidersConfig').PROVIDERS: 
    located_provider = provider()
    located_provder.load_app(container).register()
    if located_provider.wsgi:
        container.make('WSGIProviders').append(located_provider)
     else:
        container.resolve(located_provider.boot)
        container.make('Providers').append(located_provider)

and change the logic in bootstrap/start.py to:

bootstrap/start.py

for provider in container.make('WSGIProviders'): 
    container.resolve(located_provider.boot)

Notice here we split the providers list when the server first boots up into two lists which significantly lowers the overhead of each request.

This change should significantly boost speed performances as providers no longer have to be located via pydoc. You should see an immediate decrease in the time it takes for the application to serve a request. Rough time estimates say that this change should increase the request times by about 5x as fast.

Duplicate Class Names

Again, with the addition of the above change, any place you have a duplicated class name like:

from masonite.drivers.UploadDriver import UploadDriver

You can change it to:

from masonite.drivers import UploadDriver

Redirection

Renamed Request.redirectTo to Request.redirect_to. Be sure to change any of these instances accordingly.

All instances of:

return request().redirectTo('home')

should be changed to:

return request().redirect_to('home')

Redirect Send Method

Also removed the .send() method completely on the Request class so all instances of:

def show(self):
    return request().redirect('/dashboard/@id').send({'id': league.id})

Need to be changed to:

def show(self):
    return request().redirect('/dashboard/@id', {'id': league.id})

CSRF Middleware

Some variable internals have changed to prepend a double underscore to them to better symbolize they are being handled internally. Because of this we need to change any instances of csrf_token to __token in the CSRF Middleware file.

You can check for what the class should look like from the MasoniteFramework/masonite repository

Autoloading

Masonite 2 comes with a new autoloader. This can load all classes in any directory you specify right into the Service Container when the server first starts. This is incredibly useful for loading your models, commands or tasks right into the container.

Simply add a new AUTOLOAD constant in your config/application.py file. This is the entire section of the autoload configuration.

config/application.py

'''
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Autoload Directories
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
| List of directories that are used to find classes and autoload them into 
| the Service Container. This is initially used to find models and load
| them in but feel free to autoload any directories
|
'''

AUTOLOAD = [
    'app',
]

By default this points to the app directory where models are stored by default but if you moved your models to other directories like app/models or app/admin/models then add those directories to your list:

config/application.py

....

AUTOLOAD = [
    'app',
    'app/models',
    'app/admin/models'
]

Be caution that this will autoload all models into the Service Container with the class name as the key and the class as the binding.

RedirectionProvider

Because of a minor rewrite of the Request class, we now do not need the RedirectionProvider. You can remove the RedirectionProvider completely in your PROVIDERS list.

StatusCodeProvider

There is a new status code provider which adds support for adding custom status codes and rendering better default status code pages such as 400 and 500 error pages. This should be added right above the StartResponseProvider:

config/application.py

PROVIDERS = [
    # Framework Providers
    ...
    'masonite.providers.RouteProvider',
    'masonite.providers.RedirectionProvider',
    
    # New provider here above StartResponseProvider
    'masonite.providers.StatusCodeProvider',
    
    'masonite.providers.StartResponseProvider',
    'masonite.providers.WhitenoiseProvider',
    ...
]

.env File

The .env got a small upgrade and in order to make the APP_DEBUG variable consistent, it should be set to either True or False. Previously this was set to something like true or false.

.env

APP_DEBUG=True
# or
APP_DEBUG=False

Masonite 2 also removed the APP_LOG_LEVEL environment variable completely.

Finished

That's it! You're all done upgrading Masonite 1.6 to Masonite 2.0. Build something awesome!

Be sure to read about all the changes in Masonite 2 to ensure that your application is completely up to date with many of the latest decisions and be sure to thoroughly test your application. Feel free to open an issue if any problems arise during upgrading.

Masonite 2.0 to 2.1

Introduction

Masonite 2.1 is a fantastic release. It works out a lot of the kinks that were in 2.0 as well as brings several new syntactically good looking code generation

This guide just shows the major changes between version to get your application working on 2.1. You should see the What's New in 2.1 documentation to upgrade smaller parts of your code that are likely to be smaller quality of life improvements.

Masonite CLI

For 2.1 you will need masonite-cli>=2.1.0.

Make sure you run:

$ pip install masonite-cli --upgrade

Middleware

Middleware has been changed to classes so instead of doing this in your config/middleware.py file:

HTTP_MIDDLEWARE = [
    'app.http.middleware.DashboardMiddleware.DashboardMiddleware',
]

You will now import it directly:

import app.http.middleware.DashboardMiddleware import DashboardMiddleware

HTTP_MIDDLEWARE = [
    DashboardMiddleware,
]

Auto resolving parameters has been removed

This is likely the biggest change in 2.0. Before 2.1 you were able to fetch by key when resolving by doing something like:

def show(self, Request):
    Request.input(..)

We have removed this by default and now you much explicitly import your classes in order to interact with the container resolving:

from masonite.request import Request

def show(self, request: Request):
    request.input(..)

If you truly do not like this change you can modify your container on a per project basis by adding this to your container constructor in wsgi.py:

container = App(resolve_parameters=True)

Just know this is not recommended and Masonite may or may not remove this feature entirely at some point in the future.

Resolving Mail, Queues and Broadcasts

Previously we were able to do something like this:

def show(self, Mail):
    Mail.to(..)

Since we never actually created a class from this and you were not able to explicitly resolve this, we utilized the new container swapping in order to swap a class out for this container binding.

All instances above should be changed to:

from masonite import Mail

def show(self, mail: Mail):
    mail.to(..)

Don't forgot to also do your boot methods on your Service Providers as well:

def boot(self, request: Request):
    ..request..

As well as all your middleware and custom code:

class AuthenticationMiddleware(object):
    """ Middleware To Check If The User Is Logged In """

    def __init__(self, request: Request):
        """ Inject Any Dependencies From The Service Container """
        self.request = request
    ...

Resolving your own code

You may have classes you binded personally to the container like this:

def slack_send(self, IntegrationManager):
    return IntegrationManager.driver('slack').scopes('incoming-webhook').state(self.request.param('id')).redirect()

To get this in line for 2.1 you will need to use Container Swapping in order to be able to resolve this. This is actually an awesome feature.

First go to your provider where you binded it to the container:

from app.managers import IntegrationManager

def boot(self):
    self.app.bind('IntegrationManager', IntegrationManager.driver('something'))

and add a container swap right below it by swapping it with a class:

from app.managers import IntegrationManager

def boot(self):
    self.app.bind('IntegrationManager', IntegrationManager.driver('somedriver'))

    self.app.swap(IntegrationManager, IntegrationManager.driver('somedriver'))

now you can use that class to resolve:

from app.managers import IntegrationManager

def slack_send(self, manager: IntegrationManager):
    return manager.driver('slack').scopes('incoming-webhook').state(self.request.param('id')).redirect()

Removed Masonite Facades

Completely removed the masonite.facades module and put the only class (the Auth class) in the masonite.auth module.

So all instances of:

from masonite.facades.Auth import Auth

need to be changed to:

from masonite.auth import Auth

Removed the StartResponseProvider

The StartResponseProvider was not doing anything crazy and it could be achieved with a simple middleware. This speeds up Masonite slightly by offsetting where the response preparing takes place.

Simply remove the StartResponseProvider from your PROVIDERS list:

PROVIDERS = [
    # Framework Providers
    AppProvider,
    SessionProvider,
    RouteProvider,
    StatusCodeProvider,
    # StartResponseProvider,
    WhitenoiseProvider,
    ViewProvider,
    HelpersProvider,

    ...

As well as put the new middleware in the HTTP middleware

from masonite.middleware import ResponseMiddleware
..

HTTP_MIDDLEWARE = [
    LoadUserMiddleware,
    CsrfMiddleware,
    HtmlMinifyMiddleware,
    ResponseMiddleware, # Here
]

JSON Payloads

JSON payloads have been moved into the normal input handling. In 2.1 you had to fetch incoming JSON payloads like this:

request.input('payload')['id']

So now all instances of the above can be used normally:

request.input('id')

Moved CSRF Middleware into core

CSRF middleware now lives in core and allows you to override some methods or interact with the middleware with class attributes:

Replace your current CSRF Middleware with this new one:

""" CSRF Middleware """

from masonite.middleware import CsrfMiddleware as Middleware


class CsrfMiddleware(Middleware):
    """ Verify CSRF Token Middleware """

    exempt = []

If you made changes to the middleware to prevent middleware from being ran on every request you can now set that as a class attribute:

""" CSRF Middleware """

from masonite.middleware import CsrfMiddleware as Middleware


class CsrfMiddleware(Middleware):
    """ Verify CSRF Token Middleware """

    exempt = []
    every_request = False

This also allows any security issues found with CSRF to be handled on all projects quickly instead of everyone having to patch their applications individually.

Added cwd imports to migrations and seeds

In migrations (and seeds) you will need to put this import inside a __init__.py file in order to allow models to be imported into them

import os
import sys
sys.path.append(os.getcwd())

Bootstrap File

There was a slight change in the bootstrap/start.py file around line 60.

This line:

 start_response(container.make('StatusCode'), container.make('Headers'))

Needs to be changed to:

start_response(
    container.make('Request').get_status_code(), 
    container.make('Request').get_and_reset_headers()
)

Response Binding

You no longer should bind directly to the Response key in the container. You should use the new Response object.

All instances of:

self.app.bind('Response', 'some value')

should now be:

response.view('some value')

and any instance of:

self.app.make('Response')

should be changed to:

response.data()

Restructuring some sample code would be changing this:

self.request.app().bind(
    'Response',
    htmlmin.minify(
        self.request.app().make('Response')
    )
)

to this:

self.response.view(
    htmlmin.minify(self.response.data())
)

Cache Exists name change

The Cache.cache_exists() has been changed to just Cache.exists(). You will need to make changes accordingly:

from masonite import Cache

def show(self, cache: Cache):

    # From
    cache.cache_exists('key')

    # To
    cache.exists('key')

That is all the main changes in 2.1. Go ahead and run your server and you should be good to go. For a more up to date list on small improvements that you can make in your application be sure to checkout the Whats New in 2.1 documentation article.

Environment Variables

Although not a critical upgrade, it would be a good idea to replace all instances of retrieval of environment variables with the new masonite.env function.

Change all instances of this:

import os
..

DRIVER = os.getenv('key', 'default')
..
KEY = os.envrion.get('key', 'default')

with the new env function:

from masonite import env
..

DRIVER = env('key', 'default')
..
KEY = env('key', 'default')

What this will do is actually type cast accordingly. If you pass a numeric value it will cast it to an int and if you want a boolean if will cast True, true, False, false to booleans like this:

if you don't want to cast the value you can set the cast parameter to False

KEY = env('key', 'default', cast=False)

Removed Store Prepend method

We removed the store_prepend() method on the upload drivers for the filename keyword arg on the store method.

So this:

upload.store_prepend('random-string', request.input('file'))

now becomes:

upload.store(request.input('file'), filename='random-string')

The Basics

Routing

Introduction

Masonite Routing is an extremely simple but powerful routing system that at a minimum takes a url and a controller. Masonite will take this route and match it against the requested route and execute the controller on a match.

All routes are created inside routes/web.py and are contained in a ROUTES constant. All routes consist of either a Get() route or a Post() route. At the bare minimum, a route will look like:

routes/web.py

Get().route('/url/here', 'WelcomeController@show')

Most of your routes will consist of a structure like this. All URI’s should have a preceding /. Routes that should only be executed on Post requests (like a form submission) will look very similar:

routes/web.py

Post().route('/url/here', 'WelcomeController@store')

Notice the controller here is a string. This is a great way to specify controllers as you do not have to import anything into your web.py file. All imports will be done in the backend. More on controllers later.

If you wish to not use string controllers and wish to instead import your controller then you can do so by specifying the controller as well as well as only passing a reference to the method. This will look like:

routes/web.py

...
from app.http.controllers.DashboardController import DashboardController


ROUTES = [
    Get().route('/url/here', DashboardController.show)
]

It’s important here to recognize that we didn't initialize the controller or the method, we did not actually call the method. This is so Masonite can pass parameters into the constructor and method when it executes the route, typically through auto resolving dependency injection.

Route Options

There are a few methods you can use to enhance your routes. Masonite typically uses a setters approach to building instead of a parameter approach so to add functionality, we can simply attach more methods.

HTTP Verbs

There are several HTTP verbs you can use for routes:

routes/web.py

from masonite.routes import Get, Post, Put, Patch, Delete

Get().route(...)
Post().route(...)
Put().route(...)
Patch().route(...)
Delete().route(...)

HTTP Helpers

If the syntax is a bit cumbersome, you just want to make it shorter or you like using shorthand helper functions, then you can also use these:

routes/web.py

from masonite.helpers.routes import get, post, put, patch, delete

ROUTES = [
    get('/url/here', 'Controller@method'),
    post('/url/here', 'Controller@method'),
    put('/url/here', 'Controller@method'),
    patch('/url/here', 'Controller@method'),
    delete('/url/here', 'Controller@method'),
]

These return instances of their respective classes so you can append on to them:

routes/web.py

get('/url/here', 'Controller@method').middleware(...),

Most developers choose to use these instead of the classes.

Route Groups

Some routes may be very similar. We may have a group of routes under the same domain, uses the same middleware or even start with the same prefixes. In these instances we should group our routes together so they are more DRY and maintainable.

We can add route groups like so:

from masonite.routes import RouteGroup
from masonite.helpers.routes import get

ROUTES = [

    RouteGroup([
        get('/url1', ...),
        get('/url2', ...),
        get('/url3', ...),
    ]),

]

This alone is great to group routes together that are similar but in addition to this we can add specific attributes to the entire group like adding middleware:

ROUTES = [

    RouteGroup([
        get('/url1', ...),
        get('/url2', ...),
        get('/url3', ...),
    ], middleware=('auth', 'jwt')),

]

In this instance we are adding these 2 middleware to all of the routes inside the group. We have access to a couple of different methods. Feel free to use some or all of these options:

ROUTES = [

    RouteGroup([
        get('/url1', ...).name('create'),
        get('/url2', ...).name('update'),
        get('/url3', ...).name('delete'),
    ], 
    middleware=('auth', 'jwt'),
    domain='subdomain',
    prefix='/dashboard',
    name='post.'
    ),

]

The prefix parameter will prefix that URL to all routes in the group as well as the name parameter. The code above will create routes like /dashboard/url1 with the name of post.create. As well as adding the domain and middleware to the routes.

All of the options in a route group are named parameters so if you think adding a groups attribute at the end is weird you can specify them in the beginning and add the routes parameter:

RouteGroup(middleware=('auth', 'jwt'), name='post.', routes = [
    get('/url1', ...).name('create'),
    get('/url2', ...).name('update'),
    get('/url3', ...).name('delete'),
]),

Multiple Route Groups

Even more awesome is the ability to nest route groups:

ROUTES = [

    RouteGroup([
        get('/url1', ...).name('create'),
        get('/url2', ...).name('update'),
        get('/url3', ...).name('delete'),
        RouteGroup([
            get('/url4', ...).name('read'),
            get('/url5', ...).name('put'),
        ], prefix='/users', name='user.'),
    ], prefix='/dashboard', name='post.', middleware=('auth', 'jwt')),

]

This will go to each layer and generate a route list essentially from the inside out. For a real world example we refactor routes from this:

ROUTES = [
    Get().domain('www').route('/', 'WelcomeController@show').name('welcome'),
    Post().domain('www').route('/invite', 'InvitationController@send').name('invite'),
    Get().domain('www').route('/dashboard/apps', 'AppController@show').name('app.show').middleware('auth'),
    Get().domain('www').route('/dashboard/apps/create', 'AppController@create').name('app.create').middleware('auth'),
    Post().domain('www').route('/dashboard/apps/create', 'AppController@store').name('app.store'),
    Post().domain('www').route('/dashboard/apps/delete', 'AppController@delete').name('app.delete'),
    Get().domain('www').route('/dashboard/plans', 'PlanController@show').name('plans').middleware('auth'),
    Post().domain('www').route('/dashboard/plans/subscribe', 'PlanController@subscribe').name('subscribe'),
    Post().domain('www').route('/dashboard/plans/cancel', 'PlanController@cancel').name('cancel'),
    Post().domain('www').route('/dashboard/plans/resume', 'PlanController@resume').name('resume'),

    Post().domain('*').route('/invite', 'InvitationController@subdomain').name('invite.subdomain'),
    Get().domain('*').route('/', 'WelcomeController@subdomain').name('welcome'),
]

ROUTES = ROUTES + [
    Get().domain('www').route('/login', 'LoginController@show').name('login'),
    Get().domain('www').route('/logout', 'LoginController@logout'),
    Post().domain('www').route('/login', 'LoginController@store'),
    Get().domain('www').route('/register', 'RegisterController@show'),
    Post().domain('www').route('/register', 'RegisterController@store'),
    Get().domain('www').route('/home', 'HomeController@show').name('home'),
]

into this:

ROUTES = [

    RouteGroup([
        # Dashboard Routes
        RouteGroup([
            # App Routes
            RouteGroup([
                Get().route('', 'AppController@show').name('show'),
                Get().route('/create', 'AppController@create').name('create'),
                Post().route('/create', 'AppController@store').name('store'),
                Post().route('/delete', 'AppController@delete').name('delete'),
            ], prefix='/apps', name='app.'),

            Get().route('/plans', 'PlanController@show').name('plans'),
            Post().route('/plans/subscribe', 'PlanController@subscribe').name('subscribe'),
            Post().route('/plans/cancel', 'PlanController@cancel').name('cancel'),
            Post().route('/plans/resume', 'PlanController@resume').name('resume'),
        ], prefix="/dashboard", middleware=('auth',)),

        # Login and Register Routes
        Get().route('/login', 'LoginController@show').name('login'),
        Get().route('/logout', 'LoginController@logout'),
        Post().route('/login', 'LoginController@store'),
        Get().route('/register', 'RegisterController@show'),
        Post().route('/register', 'RegisterController@store'),
        Get().route('/home', 'HomeController@show').name('home'),

        # Base Routes
        Get().route('/', 'WelcomeController@show').name('welcome'),
        Post().route('/invite', 'InvitationController@send').name('invite'),
    ], domain='www'),


    # Subdomain invitation routes
    Post().domain('*').route('/invite', 'InvitationController@subdomain').name('invite.subdomain'),
    Get().domain('*').route('/', 'WelcomeController@subdomain').name('welcome'),
]

This will likely be the most common way to build routes for your application.

Named Routes

We can name our routes so we can utilize these names later when or if we choose to redirect to them. We can specify a route name like so:

routes/web.py

Get().route('/dashboard', 'DashboardController@show').name('dashboard')

It is good convention to name your routes since route URI's can change but the name should always stay the same.

Route Middleware

Middleware is a great way to execute classes, tasks or actions either before or after requests. We can specify middleware specific to a route after we have registered it in our config/middleware.py file but we can go more in detail in the middleware documentation. To add route middleware we can use the middleware method like so:

routes/web.py

Get().route('/dashboard', 'DashboardController@show').middleware('auth', 'anothermiddleware')

This middleware will execute either before or after the route is executed depending on the middleware.

Read more about how to use and create middleware in the Middleware documentation.

Deeper Module Controllers

All controllers are located in app/http/controllers but sometimes you may wish to put your controllers in different modules deeper inside the controllers directory. For example, you may wish to put all your product controllers in app/http/controllers/products or all of your dashboard controllers in app/http/controllers/users. In order to access these controllers in your routes we can simply specify the controller using our usual dot notation:

routes/web.py

Get().route('/dashboard', 'users.DashboardController@show')

Global Controllers

Controllers are defaulted to the app/http/controllers directory but you may wish to completely change the directory for a certain route. We can use a forward slash in the beginning of the controller namespace:

Get().route('/dashboard', '/thirdparty.package.users.DashboardController@show')

This can enable us to use controllers in third party packages.

Route Parameters

Very often you’ll need to specify parameters in your route in order to retrieve information from your URI. These parameters could be an id for the use in retrieving a certain model. Specifying route parameters in Masonite is very easy and simply looks like:

routes/web.py

Get().route('/dashboard/@id', 'Controller@show')

That’s it. This will create a dictionary inside the Request object which can be found inside our controllers.

In order to retrieve our parameters from the request we can use the param method on the Request object like so:

app/http/controller/YourController.py

def show(self, Request):
    Request.param('id')

Route Compilers

Sometimes you will want to make sure that the route parameter is of a certain type. For example you may want to match a URI like /dashboard/1 but not /dashboard/joseph. In order to do this we simply need to pass a type to our parameter. If we do not specify a type then our parameter will default to matching all alphanumeric and underscore characters.

routes/web.py

Get().route('/dashboard/@id:int', 'Controller@show')

This will match all integers but not strings. So for example it will match /dashboard/10283 and not /dashboard/joseph

If we want to match all strings but not integers we can pass:

routes/web.py

Get().route('/dashboard/@id:string', 'Controller@show')

This will match /dashboard/joseph and not /dashboard/128372. Currently only the integer and string types are supported.

These are called "Route Compilers" because they compile the route differently depending on what is specified. If you specify :int or :integer it will compile to a different regex than if you specified :string.

Adding Route Compilers

We can add route compilers to our project by specifying them in a Service Provider.

Make sure you add them in a Service Provider where wsgi is False. We can add them on the Route class from the container using the compile method. A completed example might look something like this:

app/http/providers/RouteCompileProvider.py

class RouteCompilerProvider(ServiceProvider):

    wsgi = False
    ...

    def boot(self, Route):
        Route.compile('year', r'([0-9]{4})')

We just need to call the compile() method on the Route class and make sure we specify a regex string by preceding an r to the beginning of the string.

Your regex should be encapsulated in a group. If you are not familiar with regex, this basically just means that your regex pattern should be inside parenthesis like the example above.

Subdomain Routing

You may wish to only render routes if they are on a specific subdomain. For example you may want example.com/dashboard to route to a different controller than joseph.example.com/dashboard.

Out of the box this feature will not work and is turned off by default. We will need to add a call on the Request class in order to activate subdomains. We can do this in the boot method of one of our Service Providers that has wsgi=False:

app/providers/UserModelProvider.py

wsgi = False
...
def boot(self, Request):
    Request.activate_subdomains()

To use subdomains we can use the .domain() method on our routes like so:

routes/web.py

Get().domain('joseph').route('/dashboard', 'Controller@show')

This route will match to joseph.example.com/dashboard but not to example.com/dashboard or test.example.com/dashboard.

It may be much more common to match to any subdomain. For this we can pass in an asterisk instead.

routes/web.py

Get().domain('*').route('/dashboard', 'Controller@show')

This will match all subdomains such as test.example.com/dashboard, joseph.example.com/dashboard but not example.com/dashboard.

If a match is found, it will also add a subdomain parameter to the Request class. We can retrieve the current subdomain like so:

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

def show(self, Request):
    print(Request.param('subdomain'))

Controllers

Introduction

Controllers are a vital part of Masonite and is mainly what differs it from other Python frameworks that implement the MVC structure differently. Controllers are simply classes with methods. These methods take a self parameter which is the normal self that Python class methods require. Controller methods can be looked at as function based views if you are coming from Django as they are simply methods inside a class and work in similar ways.

Controllers have an added benefit over straight function based views as the developer has access to to a full class they can manipulate however they want. In other words, controller methods may utilize class attributes or private methods to break up logic. They provide a lot of flexibility.

Creating a Controller

Its very easy to create a controller with Masonite with the help of our craft command tool. We can simply create a new file inside app/http/controllers, name the class the same name as the file and then create a class with methods. We can also use the craft controller command to do all of that for us which is:

terminal

$ craft controller Dashboard

When we run this command we now have a new class in app/http/controllers/DashboardController.py called DashboardController. By convention, Masonite expects that all controllers have their own file since it’s an extremely easy way to keep track of all your classes since the class name is the same name as the file but you can obviously name this class wherever you like.

Notice that we passed in Dashboard but created a DashboardController. Masonite will always assume you want to append Controller to the end.

Exact Controllers

Remember that Masonite will automatically append Controller to the end of all controllers. If you want to create the exact name of the controller then you can pass a -e or --exact flag.

terminal

$ craft controller Dashboard -e

terminal

$ craft controller Dashboard --exact

This will create a Dashboard controller located in app/http/controllers/Dashboard.py

Resource Controllers

Resource controllers are controllers that have basic CRUD / resource style methods to them such as create, update, show, store etc. We can create a resource controller by running:

$ craft controller Dashboard -r

$ craft controller Dashboard --resource

this will create a controller that looks like:

app/http/controllers/DashboardController.py

''' A Module Description '''

class DashboardController: 
 ''' Class Docstring Description '''

    def show(self): 
        pass

    def index(self): 
        pass

    def create(self): 
        pass

    def store(self): 
        pass

    def edit(self): 
        pass

    def update(self): 
        pass

    def destroy(self): 
        pass

Defining a Controller Method

Controller methods are very similar to function based views in a Django application. Our controller methods at a minimum should look like:

app/http/controllers/DashboardController.py

def show(self):
    pass

All controller methods must start with the self parameter. The self parameter is the normal python self object which is just an instance of the current object as usual. Nothing special here.

Container Resolving

All controller methods and constructors are resolved by the container so you may also retrieve additional objects from the container by specifying them as a parameter in the method:

app/http/controllers/DashboardController.py

def show(self, Request):
    print(Request) # Grabbed the Request object from the container

or by specifying them in the constructor:

app/http/controllers/DashboardController.py

class DashboardController:

    def __init__(self, Request):
        self.request = Request

    def show(self):
        print(self.request) # Grabbed the Request object from the container

If you need a class in multiple controller methods then it is recommended to put it into the contructor in order to keep the controller DRY.

This might look magical to you so be sure to read about the IOC container in the Service Container documentation.

It’s important to note that unlike other frameworks, we do not have to specify our route parameters as parameters in our controller method. We can retrieve the parameters using the Request.param('key') class method.

Read about how to create and use views by reading the Views documentation

Views

Introduction

Views contain all the HTML that you’re application will use to render to the user. Unlike Django, views in Masonite are your HTML templates. All views are located inside resources/templatesdirectory.

All views are rendered with Jinja2 so we can use all the Jinja2 code you are used to. An example view looks like:

resources/templates/helloworld.html

<html>
  <body>
    <h1> Hello {{ 'world' }}</h1>
  </body>
</html>

Creating Views

Since all views are located in resources/templates, we can use simply create all of our views manually here or use our craft command tool. To make a view just run:

terminal

$ craft view hello

This will create a template under resources/templates/hello.html.

Calling Views

Helper Function

There are several ways we can call views in our controllers. The first recommended way is using the view() function. Masonite ships with a HelpersProvider Service Provider. This provider will add several new built in functions to your project. These helper functions can be used as shorthand for several commonly used classes such as the View and Request class. See the Helper Functions documentation for more information.

One of the helper functions is the view() function which is accessible like any other built in Python function.

We can call views in our controllers like so:

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

def show(self):
    return view('dashboard')

This will return the view located at resources/templates/dashboard.html. We can also specify a deeper folder structure like so:

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

def show(self):
    return view('profiles/dashboard')

This will look for the view at resources/templates/profiles/dashboard.html

From The Container

The View class is loaded into the container so we can retrieve it in our controller methods like so:

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

def show(self, View):
    return View('dashboard')

This is exactly the same as using the helper function above. So if you choose to code more explicitly, the option is there for you.

If this looks weird to you or you are not sure how the container integrates with Masonite, make sure you read the Service Container documentation

Global Views

Some views may not reside in the resources/templates directory and may even reside in third party packages such as a dashboard package. We can locate these views by passing a / in front of our view.

For example as a use case we might pip install a package:

terminal

$ pip install package-dashboard

and then be directed or required to return one of their views:

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

def show(self):
    return view('/package/views/dashboard')

This will look inside the dashboard.views package for a dashboard.html file and return that. You can obviously pass in data as usual.

Caveats

It's important to note that if you are building a third party package that integrates with Masonite that you place any .html files inside a Python package instead of directly inside a module. For example, you should place .html files inside a file structure that looks like:

package/
  views/
    __init__.py
    index.html
    dashboard.html
setup.py
MANIFEST.in
...

and not inside the package directory. This is a Jinja limitation that says that all templates should be located in packages.

Accessing a global view such as:

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

def show(self):
    return view('/package/dashboard')

will perform a relative import for your Masonite project. For example it will catch:

app/
config/
databases/
...
package/
  dashboard.html

So if you are making a package for Masonite then keep this in mind in where you should put your templates

Passing Data to Views

A lot of the time we’ll need to pass in data to our views. This data is passed in with a dictionary that contains a key which is the variable with the corresponding value. We can pass data to the function like so:

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

def show(self, Request):
    return view('dashboard', {'id': Request.param('id')})

Remember that by passing in parameters like Request to the controller method, we can retrieve objects from the IOC container. Read more about the IOC container in the Service Container documentation.

This will send a variable named id to the view which can then be rendered like:

resources/templates/dashboard.html

<html>
  <body>
    <h1> {{ id }} </h1>
  </body>
</html>

Adding Environments

This section requires knowledge of Service Providers and how the Service Container works. Be sure to read those documentation articles.

You can also add Jinja2 environments to the container which will be available for use in your views. This is typically done for third party packages such as Masonite Dashboard. You can extend views in a Service Provider in the boot method. Make sure the Service Provider has the wsgi attribute set to False. This way the specific Service Provider will not keep adding the environment on every request.

wsgi = False

...

def boot(self, ViewClass):
    ViewClass.add_environment('dashboard/templates')

By default the environment will be added using the PackageLoader Jinja2 loader but you can explicitly set which loader you want to use:

from jinja2 import FileSystemLoader
...
wsgi = False

...

def boot(self, ViewClass):
    ViewClass.add_environment('dashboard/templates', loader=FileSystemLoader)

The default loader of PackageLoader will work for most cases but if it doesn't work for your use case, you may need to change the loader.

Requests

Introduction

The Request class is initialized when the server first starts and is modified on every request. This means that the Request class acts as a singleton and is not reinitialized on every request. This presents both pros and cons during developing Masonite. It's great to not have to worry about a new object being instantiated everytime but the con is that some attributes need to be reset at the end of the request.

The Request class is loaded into the IOC container first so any Service Provider will have access to it. The IOC container allows all parts of the framework to be resolved by the IOC container and auto inject any dependencies they need.

Read more about the IOC container in the Service Container documentation.

Getting Started

The Request class is bound into the IOC container once when the server is first started. This takes the WSGI environment variables generated by your WSGI server as a parameter. Because of this, we reload the WSGI values on every request but the actual Request object does not change. In other words, the memory address of the Request object is always the same but the class attributes will change of every request. This is done already for you by the Masonite framework itself. This Request class is bound and initialized inside the AppProvider Service Provider. We grab this request object by simply passing in Request into the parameters of anything resolved by the Service Container such as middleware, drivers and controller methods like so:

def show(self, Request):
    # Request is the instance of the Request class
    pass

Masonite is smart enough to know that we need the Request class and it will inject it into our method for us.

Helper Function

Masonite ships with a HelpersProvider Service Provider which adds several helper functions. One of these helper functions is the request() function. This function will return the request object. Because of this, these two pieces of code are identical:

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

def show(self, Request):
    Request.input('username')

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

def show(self):
    request().input('username')

Notice we didn't import anything at the top of our file and also didn't retrieve any objects from the IOC container. Masonite helper functions act just like any other built in Python function.

Read more about helper functions in the Helper Functions documentation.

Usage

The Request has several helper methods attached to it in order to interact with various aspects of the request.

In order to get the current request input variables such as the form data during a POST request or the query string during a GET request looks like:

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

def show(self, Request):
    Request.input('username')

There is no difference between any HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT, etc) when it comes to getting input data. They are all retrieved through this .input() method so there is no need to make a distinction if the request is GET or POST

Method Options

Input Data

We can get all the request input variables such as input data from a form request or GET data from a query string. Note that it does not matter what HTTP method you are using, the input method will know what input data to get dependent on the current HTTP method (GET, POST, PUT, etc)

This will return all the available request input variables for that request as a dictionary.

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

# GET: /dashboard?user=Joe&status=1

def show(self, Request):
    return Request.all() # {'user': 'Joe', 'status': '1'}

This method will get all of the request input variables to include any internal framework variables completely handled internally such as __token and __method. You can exclude them by passing in False into the method or specifying it explicitly:

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

# GET: /dashboard?user=Joe&status=1&__token=837674634

def show(self, Request):
    return Request.all(internal_variables=False) # {'user': 'Joe', 'status': '1'}

To get a specific input:

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

# GET: /dashboard?user=Joe&status=1

def show(self, Request):
    return Request.all() # {'user': 'Joe', 'status': '1'}

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

# GET: /dashboard?user=Joe&status=1&__token=837674634

def show(self, Request):
    return Request.all(internal_variables=False) # {'user': 'Joe', 'status': '1'}

To get a specific input:

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

# GET: /dashboard?firstname=Joe

def show(self, Request):
    return Request.input('firstname') # Joe

To check if some request input data exists:

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

# GET: /dashboard?firstname=Joe

def show(self, Request):
    return Request.has('firstname') # True

Only

You can only get a certain set of parameters if you have a need to do so. This can be used like:

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

# GET: /dashboard?firstname=Joe&lastname=Mancuso&active=1

def show(self, Request):
    return Request.only('firstname', 'active') # {'firstname': 'Joe', 'active': '1'}

URL Parameters

To get the request parameter retrieved from the url. This is used to get variables inside: /dashboard/@firstname for example.

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

# GET: /dashboard/Joe

def show(self, Request):
    return Request.param('firstname') # Joe

JSON Payloads

Sometimes you may want to handle incoming JSON requests. This could be form external API's like Github.

Masonite will detect that an incoming request is a JSON request and put the cast the JSON to a dictionary and load it into the payload request input. For example if you have an incoming request of:

incoming request

{
    "name": "Joe",
    "email": "Joe@email.com"
}

Then we can fetch this input in a controller like so:

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

# GET: /dashboard/Joe

def show(self, Request):
    Request.input('payload')['name'] # Joe

Cookies

You may also set a cookie in the browser. The below code will set a cookie named key to the value of value.

By default, all cookies are encrypted with your secret key which is generated in your .env file when you installed Masonite. This is a security measure to ensure malicious Javascript code cannot fetch cookies if they are somehow retrieved. All cookies are set with the HTTP_ONLY flag meaning that Javascript cannot read them although you can turn this off using a parameter.

Creating

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

def show(self, Request):
    return Request.cookie('key', 'value')

Not Encrypting

If you choose to not encrypt your values and create cookies with the plain text value then you can pass a third value of True or False. You can also be more explicit if you like:

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

def show(self, Request):
    return Request.cookie('key', 'value', encrypt=False)

Expirations

All cookies are set as session cookies. This means that when the user closes out the browser completely, all cookies will be deleted.

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

def show(self, Request):
    return Request.cookie('key', 'value', expires="5 minutes")

This will set a cookie thats expires 5 minutes from the current time.

HttpOnly

Again, as a security measure, all cookies automatically are set with the HttpOnly flag which makes it unavailable to any Javascript code. You can turn this off:

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

def show(self, Request):
    return Request.cookie('key', 'value', http_only=False)

This will now allow Javascript to read the cookie.

Reading

You can get all the cookies set from the browser

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

def show(self, Request):
    return Request.get_cookies()

You can get a specific cookie set from the browser

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

def show(self, Request):
    return Request.get_cookie('key')

Again, all cookies are encrypted by default so if you set a cookie with encryption then this method will decrypt the cookie. If you set a cookie in plain text then you should pass the False as the second parameter here to tell Masonite not to decrypt your plain text cookie value.:

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

def show(self, Request):
    return Request.get_cookie('key', decrypt=False)

This will return the plain text version of the cookie.

If Masonite attempts to decrypt a cookie but cannot then Masonite will assume that the secret key that encrypted it was changed or the cookie has been tampered with and will delete the cookie completely.

If your secret key has been compromised then you may change the key at anytime and all cookies set on your server will be removed.

Deleting

You may also delete a cookie. This will remove it from the browser.

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

def show(self, Request):
    return Request.delete_cookie('key')

User

You can also get the current user from the request. This requires the LoadUserMiddleware middleware which is in Masonite by default. This will return an instance of the current user.

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

def show(self, Request):
    return Request.user()

Routes

You can also get a route URL via the route name. Let's say we have a route like this:

get('/dashboard').name('dashboard')

We can get the URL from the route name like so:

def show(self):
    request().route('dashboard') # /dashboard

if we have route parameters like this:

get('/dashboard/@user').name('dashboard.user')

then we can pass in a dictionary:

def show(self):
    request().route('dashboard.user', {'user': 1}) # /dashboard/1

Current URL

We can get the current url with:

def show(self):
    request().path

Redirection

You can specify a url to redirect to

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

def show(self, Request):
    return Request.redirect('/home')

If the url contains http than the route will redirect to the external website

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

def show(self, Request):
    return Request.redirect('http://google.com')

You can redirect to a named route

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

def show(self, Request):
    return Request.redirect_to('dashboard')

Sometimes your routes may require parameters passed to it such as redirecting to a route that has a url like: /url/@firstname:string/@lastname:string.

Redirecting to a named route with URL parameters:

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

def show(self, Request):
    return Request.redirect_to('dashboard', {'firstname': 'Joseph', 'lastname': 'Mancuso'})

Redirecting to a url in your application with URL parameters:

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

def show(self, Request):
    return Request.redirect('dashboard/@id', {'id': '1'})

Redirecting Back

There will be plenty of times you will need to redirect back to where the user came just came from. In order for this work we will need to specify where we need to go back to. We can use the back method for this.

There are 3 states which we should be aware of when using this method.

Form Back Redirection

Masonite will check for a __back input and redirect to that route. We can specify one using the back() view helper function:

<form action="{{ route('dashboard.create')" method="POST">
    {{ csrf_field|safe }}
    {{ back(request().path)|safe }}
</form>

This will route back to the form when you run this back method

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

def show(self, Request):
    return Request.back() # uses value from the back() method helper

No Input

The next state is using the back method without any parameters or form helpers:

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

def show(self, Request):
    return Request.back() # defaults to current route

This will redirect back to the current route. This might be useful we have have routes like:

ROUTES = [
    get('/dashboard/create', 'Controller@show'),
    post('/dashboard/create', 'Controller@store')
]

Where we are going to the POST version but want to redirect back to the GET version of the route.

Default Back URL

We can also specify a default route just in case a form submitted does not specify one using a form helper:

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

def show(self, Request):
    return Request.back(default='/hit/route')

This will check for the __back input and if it doesn't exist it will use this default route.

Encryption Key

Where we are going to the POST version but want to redirect back to the GET version of the route.

Default Back URL

We can also specify a default route just in case a form submitted does not specify one using a form helper:

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

def show(self, Request):
    return Request.back(default='/hit/route')

This will check for the __back input and if it doesn't exist it will use this default route.

Encryption Key

You can load a specific secret key into the request by using:

Request.key(key)

This will load a secret key into the request which will be used for encryptions purposes throughout your Masonite project.

Note that by default, the secret key is pulled from your configuration file so you do NOT need to supply a secret key, but the option is there if you need to change it for testing and development purposes.

Headers

You can also get and set any headers that the request has.

You can get all WSGI information by printing:

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

def show(self, Request):
    print(Request.environ)

This will print the environment setup by the WSGI server. Use this for development purposes.

You can also get a specific header:

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

def show(self, Request):
    Request.header('AUTHORIZATION')

This will return whatever the HTTP_AUTHORIZATION header if one exists. If that does not exist then the AUTHORIZATION header will be returned. If that does not exist then None will be returned.

We can also set headers:

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

def show(self, Request):
    Request.header('AUTHORIZATION', 'Bearer some-secret-key')

Masonite will automatically prepend a HTTP_ to the header being set for standards purposes so this will set the HTTP_AUTHORIZATION header. If you do not want the HTTP prefix then pass a third parameter:

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

Request.header('AUTHORIZATION', 'Bearer some-secret-key', http_prefix=None)

This will set the AUTHORIZATION header instead of the HTTP_AUTHORIZATION header.

Status Codes

Masonite will set a status code of 404 Not Found at the beginning of every request. If the status code is not changed throughout the code, either through the developer or third party packages, as it passes through each Service Provider then the status code will continue to be 404 Not Found when the output is generated. You do not have to explicitly specify this as the framework itself handles status codes. If a route matches and your controller method is about to be hit then Masonite will set 200 OK and hit your route. This allows Masonite to specify a good status code but also allows you to change it again inside your controller method.

You could change this status code in either any of your controllers or even a third party package via a Service Provider.

For example, the Masonite Entry package sets certain status codes upon certain actions on an API endpoint. These can be 429 Too Many Requests or 201 Created. These status codes need to be set before the StartProvider is ran so if you have a third party package that sets status codes or headers, then they will need to be placed above this Service Provider in a project.

If you are not specifying status codes in a package and simple specifying them in a controller then you can do so freely without any caveats. You can set status codes like so:

Request.status('429 Too Many Requests')

This will set the correct status code before the output is sent to the browser. You can look up a list of HTTP status codes from an online resource and specify any you need to. There are no limitations to which ones you can use.

Get Request Method Type

You can get the request method simply:

app/http/controllers/YourController.py

# PUT: /dashboard

def show(self, Request):
    return Request.get_request_method() # 'PUT'

Changing Request Methods in Forms

Typically, forms only have support for GET and POST. You may want to change what HTTP method is used when submitting a form such as PATCH.

This will look like:

resources/templates/index.html

<form action="/dashboard" method="POST">
    <input type="hidden" name="request_method" value="PATCH">
</form>

or you can optionally use a helper method:

resources/templates/index.html

<form action="/dashboard" method="POST">
    {{ request_method('PATCH')|safe }}
</form>

When the form is submitted, it will process as a PUT request instead of a POST request.

This will allow this form to hit a route like this:

routes/web.py

from masonite.routes import Patch

ROUTES = [
    Patch().route('/dashboard', 'DashboardController@update')
]

Static Files

Introduction

Masonite tries to make static files extremely easy and comes with whitenoise out of the box. White noise wraps the WSGI application and listens for certain URI requests that can be resistered in your configuration files.

Configuration

All configurations that are specific to static files can be found in config/storage.py. In this file you'll find a constant file called STATICFILES which is simply a dictionary of directories as keys and aliases as the value.

The directories to include as keys is simply the location of your static file locations. For example, if your css files are in storage/assets/css then put that folder location as the key. For the value, put the alias you want to use in your templates. For this example, we will use css/ as the alias.

For this setup, our STATICFILES constant should look like:

Now in our templates we can use:

Which will get the storage/assets/css/style.css file.

Static Template Function

All templates have a static function that can be used to assist in getting locations of static files. You can specify the driver and locations you want using the driver name or dot notation.

Take this for example:

this will render:

You can also make the config location a dictionary and use dot notation:

and use the dot notation like so:

Serving "Root" Files

Sometimes you may need to serve files that are normally in the root of your application such as a robots.txt or manifest.json. These files can be aliased in your STATICFILES directory in config/storage.py. They do not have to be in the root of your project but instead could be in a storage/root or storage/public directory and aliased with a simple /.

For example a basic setup would have this as your directory:

and you can alias this in your STATICFILES constant:

You will now be able to access localhost:8000/robots.txt and you will have your robots.txt served correctly and it can be indexed by search engines properly.

Thats it! Static files are extremely simple. You are now a master at static files!

Helper Functions

Introduction

Masonite works on getting rid of all those mundane tasks that developers either dread writing or dread writing over and over again. Because of this, Masonite has several helper functions that allows you to quickly write the code you want to write without worrying about imports or retrieving things from the Service Container. Many things inside the Service Container are simply retrieved using several functions that Masonite sets as builtin functions.

These functions do not require any imports and are simply just available which is similiar to the print() function. These functions are all set inside the HelpersProvider Service Provider.

It may make more sense if we take a peak at this Service Provider:

masonite.providers.HelpersProvider

class HelpersProvider(ServiceProvider):

    wsgi = False

    def register(self):
        pass

    def boot(self, View, ViewClass, Request):
        ''' Add helper functions to Masonite '''
        builtins.view = View
        builtins.request = Request.helper
        builtins.auth = Request.user
        builtins.container = self.app.helper
        builtins.env = os.getenv
        builtins.resolve = self.app.resolve

        ViewClass.share({'request': Request.helper, 'auth': Request.user})

Notice how we simply just add builtin functions via this provider.

Request

The Request class has a simple request() helper function.

def show(self):
    request().input('id')

is exactly the same as:

def show(self, Request):
    Request.input('id')

Notice we didn't import anything at the top of the file, nor did we inject anything from the Service Container.

View

The view() function is just a shortcut to the View class.

def show(self):
    return view('template_name')

is exactly the same as:

def show(self, View):
    return View('template_name')

Auth

The auth() function is a shortcut around getting the current user. We can retrieve the user like so:

def show(self):
    auth().id

is exactly the same as:

def show(self, Request):
    Request.user().id

This will return None if there is no user so in a real world application this may look something like:

def show(self):
    if auth():
        auth().id

This is because you can't call the .id attribute on None

Container

We can get the container by using the container() function

def show(self):
    container().make('User')

is exactly the same as:

def show(self, Request):
    Request.app().make('User')

Env

We may need to get some environment variables inside our controller or other parts of our application. For this we can use the env() function.

def show(self):
    env('S3_SECRET')

is exactly the same as:

import os

def show(self):
    os.environ.get('S3_SECRET')

Resolve

We can resolve anything from the container by using this resolve() function.

def some_function(Request):
    print(Request)

def show(self):
    resolve(some_function)

is exactly the same as:

def some_function(Request):
    print(Request)

def show(self, Request):
    Request.app().resolve(some_function)

That's it! These are simply just functions that are added to Python's builtin functions.

Die and Dump

Die and dump is a common way to debug objects in PHP and other programming languages. Laravel has the concept of dd() which dies and dumps the object you need to inspect.

dd() is essentially adding a break point in your code which dumps the properties of an object to your browser.

For example we can die and dump the user we find:

from app.User import User

def show(self):
    dd(User.find(7))

If we then go to the browser and visit this URL as normal then we can now see the object fully inspected which will kill the script wherever it is in place and throw an exception but instead of showing the normal debugger it will use a custom exception handler and show the inspection of the object instead:

The Craft Command

Introduction

The craft command tool is a powerful developer tool that lets you quickly scaffold your project with models, controllers, views, commands, providers, etc. which will condense nearly everything down to its simplest form via the craft namespace. No more redundancy in your development time creating boilerplate code. Masonite condenses all common development tasks into a single namespace.

For example, In Django you may need to do something like:

The craft tool condenses all commonly used commands into its own namespace

All scaffolding of Masonite can be done manually (manually creating a controller and importing the view function for example) but the craft command tool is used for speeding up development and cutting down on mundane development time.

Commands

When craft is used outside of masonite directory, it will only show a few commands such as the new and install commands. Other commands such as commands for creating controllers or models are loaded in from the Masonite project itself.

Many commands are loaded into the framework itself and fetched when craft is ran in a Masonite project directory. This allows version specific Masonite commands to be efficiently handled on each subsequent version as well as third party commands to be loaded in which expands craft itself.

The possible commands for craft include:

Tinker Command

You can "tinker" around with Masonite by running:

This command will start a Python shell but also imports the container by default. So we can call:

And play around the container. This is a useful debugging tool to verify that objects are loaded into the container if there are any issues.

Show Routes Command

Another useful command is the show:routes command which will display a table of available routes that can be hit:

This will display a table that looks like:

Application Information

If you are trying to debug your application or need help in the Slack channel, it might be beneficial to see some useful information information about your system and environment. In this case we have a simple command:

This will give some small details about the current system which could be useful to someone trying to help you. Running the command will give you something like this:

Feel free to contribute any additional information you think is necessary to the command in the core repository.

Creating an Authentication System

To create an authentication system with a login, register and a dashboard system, just run:

This command will create several new templates, controllers and routes so you don’t need to create an authentication system from scratch, although you can. If you need a custom authentication system, this command will scaffold the project for you so you can go into these new controllers and change them how you see fit.

These new controllers are not apart of the framework itself but now apart of your project. Do not look at editing these controllers as editing the framework source code.

Creating Validators

Validators are classes based on validating form or request input. We can create validators by running:

Creating Model Definition Docstrings

Masonite uses Orator which is an active record style ORM. If you are coming from other Python frameworks you may be more familiar with Data Mapper ORM's like Django ORM or SQLAlchemy. These style ORM's are useful since the names of the column in your table are typically the names of class attributes. If you forget what you named your column you can typically just look at the model but if your model looks something like:

Then it is not apparent what the tables are. We can run a simple command though to generate a docstring that we can throw onto our model:

Which will generate something like this in the terminal:

We can now copy and paste that onto your model and change whatever we need to:

Creating Controllers

If you wish to scaffold a controller, just run:

This command will create a new controller under app/http/controllers/DashboardController.py. By convention, all controllers should have an appended “Controller” and therefore Masonite will append "Controller" to the controller created.

You can create a controller without appending "Controller" to the end by running:

This will create a app/http/controllers/Dashboard.py file with a Dashboard controller. Notice that "Controller" is not appended.

-e is short for --exact. Either flag will work.

You may also create resource controllers which include standard resource actions such as show, create, update, etc:

-r is short for --resource. Either flag will work.

You can also obviously combine them:

Creating a New Project

If you’d like to start a new project, you can run:

This will download a zip file of the MasoniteFramework/masonite repository and unzip it into your current working directory. This command will default to the latest release of the repo.

You may also specify some options. The --version option will create a new project depending on the releases from the MasoniteFramework/masonite repository.

Or you can specify the branch you would like to create a new project with:

After you have created a new project, you will have a requirements.txt file with all of the projects dependencies. In addition to this file, you will also have a .env-example file which contains a boilerplate of a .env file. In order to install the dependencies, as well as copy the example environment file to a .env file, just run:

The craft install command will also run craft key --store as well which generates a secret key and places it in the .env file.

Creating Migrations

All frameworks have a way to create migrations in order to manipulate database tables. Masonite uses a little bit of a different approach to migrations than other Python frameworks and makes the developer edit the migration file. This is the command to make a migration for an existing table:

If you are creating a migration for a table that does not exist yet which the migration will create it, you can pass the --create flag like so:

These two flags will create slightly different types of migrations.

Migrating

After your migrations have been created, edited, and are ready for migrating, we can now migrate them into the database. To migrate all of your unmigrated migrations, just run:

Rolling Back and Rebuilding Migrations

You can also refresh and rollback all of your migrations and remigrate them.

This will essentially rebuild your entire database.

You can also rollback all migrations without remigrating

Lastly, you can rollback just the last set of migrations you tried migrating

Models

If you'd like to create a model, you can run:

This will scaffold a model under app/ModelName and import everything needed.

If you need to create a model in a specific folder starting from the app folder, then just run:

This will create a model in app/Models/ModelName.py.

Creating a Service Provider

Service Providers are a really powerful feature of Masonite. If you'd like to create your own service provider, just run:

This will create a file at app/providers/DashboardProvider.py

Creating Views

Views are simply html files located in resources/templates and can be created easily from running the command:

This command will create a template at resources/templates/blog.html

You can also create a view deeper inside the resources/templates directory.

This will create a view under resources/templates/auth/home.html but keep in mind that it will not create the directory for you. If the auth directory does not exist, this command will fail.

Creating Jobs

Jobs are designed to be loaded into queues. We can take time consuming tasks and throw them inside of a Job. We can then use this Job to push to a queue to speed up the performance of our application and prevent bottlenecks and slowdowns.

Running Queues

Masonite has a queue feature that allows you to load the jobs you create in the section above and run them either asyncronously or send them off to a message broker like RabbitMQ. You may start the worker by running:

Packages

Creating Commands

You can scaffold out basic command boilerplate:

This will create a app/commands/HelloCommand.py file with the HelloCommand class.

Running the WSGI Server

You can run the WSGI server by simply running:

You will likely only use that command in production. For development, you can make the server autoreload after you save a python file, similiar to how Django does.

or the shorthand

Host and Port

You can bind to a host using -b and/or a port using -p

Reloading Interval

Masonite comes with a pretty quick auto reloading development server. By default there will be a 1 second delay between file change detection and the server reloading. This is a fairly slow reloading interval and most systems can handle a much faster interval while still properly managing the starting and killing of process PID's.

You can change the interval to something less then 1 using the -i option:

You will notice a considerably faster reloading time on your machine. If your machine can handle this interval speed (meaning your machine is properly starting and killing the processes) then you can safely proceed using a lower interval during development.

Encryption

To generate a secret key, we can run:

This will generate a 32 bit string which you can paste into your .env file under the KEY setting.

You may also pass the --store flag which will automatically add the key to your .env file:

This command is ran whenever you run craft install

Great! You are now a master at the craft command line tool.

Creating Commands

Introduction

It's extremely simple to add commands to Masonite via the craft command tool and Service Providers. If you have been using Masonite for any amount of time you will learn that commands are a huge part of developing web applications with Masonite. We have made it extremely easy to create these commands and add them to craft to build really fast personal commands that you might use often.

Masonite uses the Cleo package for creating and consuming commands so for more extensive documentation on how to utilize commands themselves, how to get arguments and options, and how to print colorful text to the command line.

Read more about Cleo by visiting the Cleo Documentation.

Getting Started

You can create commands by using craft itself:

terminal

$ craft command HelloCommand

This will create a app/commands/HelloCommand.py file with boilerplate code that looks like this:

app/commands/HelloCommand.py

""" A HelloCommand Command """
from cleo import Command


class HelloCommand(Command):
    """
    Description of command

    command:name
        {argument : description}
    """

    def handle(self):
        pass

Let's create a simple hello name application which prints "hello your-name" to the console.

Where it says command:name inside the docstring we can put hello and inside the argument we can put name like so:

app/commands/HelloCommand.py

""" A HelloCommand Command """
from cleo import Command


class HelloCommand(Command):
    """
    Say hello to you

    hello
        {name : Your name}
    """

    def handle(self):
        pass

Inside the handle method we can get the argument passed by specifying self.argument('name'). Simply put:

app/commands/HelloCommand.py

""" A HelloCommand Command """
from cleo import Command


class HelloCommand(Command):
    """
    Say hello to you

    hello
        {name : Your name}
    """

    def handle(self):
        print('Hello {0}'.format(self.argument('name')))

That's it! Now we just have to add it to our craft command.

Adding Our Command To Craft

We can add commands to craft by creating a Service Provider and registering our command into the container. Craft will automatically run all the register methods on all containers and retrieve all the commands.

Let's create a Service Provider:

terminal

$ craft provider HelloProvider

This will create a provider in app/providers/HelloProvider.py that looks like:

app/providers/HelloProvider.py

''' A HelloProvider Service Provider '''
from masonite.provider import ServiceProvider


class HelloProvider(ServiceProvider):

    def register(self):
        pass

    def boot(self):
        pass

Let's import our command and register it into the container. Also because we are only registering things into the container, we can set wsgi = False so it is not ran on every request and only before the server starts:

app/providers/HelloProvider.py

''' A HelloProvider Service Provider '''
from masonite.provider import ServiceProvider
from app.commands.HelloCommand import HelloCommand

class HelloProvider(ServiceProvider):

    wsgi = False

    def register(self):
        self.app.bind('HelloCommand', HelloCommand())

    def boot(self):
        pass

Make sure you instantiate the command. Also the command name needs to end in "Command". So binding HelloCommand will work but binding Hello will not. Craft will only pick up commands that end in Command. This is also case sensitive so make sure Command is capitalized.

Adding The Service Provider

Like normal, we need to add our Service Provider to the PROVIDERS list inside our config/providers.py file:

config/application.py

from app.providers.HelloProvider import HelloProvider
...

PROVIDERS = [
...
    # Application Providers
    UserModelProvider,
    MiddlewareProvider,

    # New Hello Provider
    HelloProvider,

]

That's it! Now if we run:

terminal

$ craft

We will see our new hello command:

terminal

  help              Displays help for a command
  hello             Say hello to you
  install           Installs all of Masonite's dependencies

and if we run:

terminal

$ craft hello Joseph

We will see an output of:

terminal

Hello Joseph

Architectural Concepts

Request Lifecycle

Introduction

It's important to know the life cycle of the request so you can understand what is going on under the hood in order to write better software. Whenever you have a better understanding of how your development tools work, you will feel more confident as you'll understand what exactly is going on. This documentation will try to explain in as much detail as needed the flow of the request from initiation to execution. To read about how to use the Request class, read the documentation.

Lifecycle Overview

Masonite is bootstrapped via , these providers load features, hooks, drivers and other objects into the which can then be pulled out by you, the developer, and used in your views, middleware and drivers.

With that being said, not all Service Providers need to be ran on every request and there are good times to load objects into the container. For example, loading routes into the container does not need to be ran on every request. Mainly because they won't change before the server is restarted again.

Now the entry point when the server is first ran (with something like craft serve) is the wsgi.py file in the root of the directory. In this directory, all Service Providers are registered. This means that objects are loaded into the container first that typically need to be used by any or all Service Providers later. All Service Providers are registered regardless on whether they require the server to be running (more on this later).

Now it's important to note that the server is not yet running we are still in the wsgi.py file but we have only hit this file, created the container, and registered our Service Providers.

Right after we register all of our Service Providers, we break apart the provider list into two separate lists. The first list is called the WSGIProviders list which are providers where wsgi=True (which they are by default). We will use this list of a smaller amount of providers in order to speed up the application since now we won't need to run through all providers and see which ones need to run.

While we are in the loop we also create a list of providers where wsgi=False and boot those providers. These boot methods may contain things like Manager classes creating drivers which require all drivers to be registered first but doesn't require the WSGI server to be running.

Also, more importantly, the WSGI key is binded into the container at this time. The default behavior is to wrap the WSGI application in a Whitenoise container to assist in the straight forwardness of static files.

This behavior can be changed by swapping that Service Provider with a different one if you do not want to use Whitenoise.

Once all the register methods are ran and all the boot methods of Service Providers where wsgi is false, and we have a WSGI key in the container, we can startup the server by using the value of the WSGI key.

We then make an instance of the WSGI key from the container and set it to an application variable in order to better show what is happening. Then this is where the WSGI server is started.

The Server

Now that we have the server running, we have a new entry point for our requests. This entry point is the app function inside bootstrap/start.py.

Now all wsgi servers set a variable called environ. In order for our Service Providers to handle this, we bind it into the container to the Environ key.

Next we run all of our Service Providers where wsgi is true now (because the WSGI server is running).

WSGI Service Providers

The Request Life Cycle is now going to hit all of these providers. Although you can obviously add any Service Providers you at any point in the request, Masonite comes with 5 providers that should remain in the order they are in. These providers have been commented as # Framework Providers. Because the request needs to hit each of these in succession, they should be in order although you may put any amount of any kind of Service Providers in between them.

We enter into a loop with these 5 Service Providers and they are the:

App Provider

This Service Provider registered objects like the routes, request class, response, status codes etc into the container and then loads the environment into these classes on every request so that they can change with the environment. Remember that we registered these classes when the server first started booting up so they remain the same class object as essentially act as singletons Although they aren't being reinstantiated with the already existing object, they are instantiated once and die when the server is killed.

Session Provider

If one of the middleware has instructed the request object to redirect, the view that is ready to execute, will not execute.

For example, if the user is planned on going to the dashboard view, but middleware has told the request to redirect to the login page instead then the dashboard view, and therefore the controller, will not execute at all. It will be skipped over. Masonite checks if the request is redirecting before executing a view.

Also, the request object can be injected into middleware by passing the Request parameter into the constructor like so:

This provider loads the ability to use sessions, adds a session helper to all views and even attaches a session attribute to the request class.

Route Provider

This provider takes the routes that are loaded in and makes the response object, static codes, runs middleware and other route displaying specific logic. This is the largest Service Provider with the most logic. This provider also searches through the routes, finds which one to hit and executes the controller and controller method.

Status Code Provider

This provider is responsible for showing the nice HTTP status codes you see during development and production. This Service Provider also allows custom HTTP error pages by putting them into the resources/templates/errors directory.

Nothing too special about this Service Provider. You can remove this if you want it to show the default WSGI server error.

Start Response

This Service Provider collects a few classes that have been manipulated by the above Service Providers and constructs a few headers such as the content type, status code, setting cookies and location if redirecting.

Leaving the Providers

Once these 5 providers have been hit (and any you add), we have enough information to show the output. We leave the Service Provider loop and set the response and output which are specific to WSGI. The output is then sent to the browser with any cookies to set, any new headers, the response, status code, and everything else you need to display html (or json) to the browser.

Service Providers

Introduction

Service Providers are the key building blocks to Masonite. The only thing they do is register things into the Service Container, or retrieve things from the Service Container. You can read more about the Service Container in the documentation. If you look inside the config/providers.py file, you will find a PROVIDERS list which contains all the Service Providers involved in building the framework.

You may create your own service provider and add it to your providers list to extend Masonite, or even remove some providers if you don't need their functionality. If you do create your own Service Provider, consider making it available on PyPi so others can install it into their framework.

Creating a Provider

We can create a Service Provider but simply using a craft command:

This will create a new Service Provider under our app/providers/DashboardProvider.py. This new Service Provider will have two simple methods, a register method and a boot method. We'll explain both in detail.

Service Provider Execution

There are a few architectural examples we will walk through to get you familiar with how Service Providers work under the hood. Let's look at a simple provider and walk through it.

We can see that we have a simple provider that registers the User model into the container. There are three key features we have to go into detail here.

WSGI

First, the wsgi = False just tells Masonite that this specific provider does not need the WSGI server to be running. When the WSGI server first starts, it will execute all service providers that have wsgi set to False. Whenever a provider only binds things into the container and we don't need things like requests or routes, then consider setting wsgi to False. the ServiceProvider class we inherited from sets wsgi to True by default. Whenever wsgi is True then the service provider will fire on every request.

Register

In our register method, it's important that we only bind things into the container. When the server is booted, Masonite will execute all register methods on all service providers. This is so the boot method will have access to the entire container.

Boot

The boot method will have access to everything that is registered in the container and is actually resolved by the container. Because of this, we can actually rewrite our provider above as this:

This will be exactly the same as above. Notice that the boot method is resolved by the container.

Great! It's really that simple. Just this knowledge will take you a long way. Take a look at the other service providers to get some inspiration on how you should create yours. Again, if you do create a Service Provider, consider making it available on PyPi so others can install it into their framework.

Service Container

Introduction

The Service Container is an extremely powerful feature of Masonite and should be used to the fullest extent possible. It's important to understand the concepts of the Service Container. It's a simple concept but is a bit magical if you don't understand what's going on under the hood.

Getting Started

The Service Container is just a dictionary where classes are loaded into it by key-value pairs, and then can be retrieved by either the key or value through resolving objects. That's it.

Think of "resolving objects" as Masonite saying "what does your object need? Ok, I have them in this dictionary, let me get them for you."

The container holds all of the frameworks classes and features so adding features to Masonite only entails adding classes into the container to be used by the developer later on. This typically means "registering" these classes into the container (more about this later on).

This allows Masonite to be extremely modular.

There are a few objects that are resolved by the container by default. These include your controller methods (which are the most common and you have probably used them so far) driver and middleware constructors and any other classes that are specified in the documentation.

There are four methods that are important in interacting with the container: bind, make and resolve

Bind

In order to bind classes into the container, we will just need to use a simple bind method on our app container. In a service provider, that will look like:

This will load the key value pair in the providers dictionary in the container. The dictionary after this call will look like:

The service container is available in the Request object and can be retrieved by:

Make

In order to retrieve a class from the service container, we can simply use the make method.

That's it! This is useful as an IOC container which you can load a single class into the container and use that class everywhere throughout your project.

Collecting

You may want to collect specific kinds of objects from the container based on the key. For example we may want all objects that start with "Exception" and end with "Hook" or want all keys that end with "ExceptionHook" if we are building an exception handler.

Collect By Key

We can easily collect all objects based on a key:

This will return a dictionary of all objects that are binded to the container that start with anything and end with "ExceptionHook" such as "SentryExceptionHook" or "AwesomeExceptionHook".

We can also do the opposite and collect everything that starts with a specific key:

This will collect all keys that start with "Sentry" such as "SentryWebhook" or "SentryExceptionHandler."

Lastly, we may want to collect things that start with "Sentry" and end with "Hook"

This will get keys like "SentryExceptionHook" and "SentryHandlerHook"

Collecting By Object

You can also collect all subclasses of an object. You may use this if you want to collect all instances of a specific class from the container:

Resolve

This is the most useful part of the container. It is possible to retrieve objects from the container by simply passing them into the parameters. Certain aspects of Masonite are resolved such as controller methods, middleware and drivers.

For example, we can hint that we want to get the Request class and put it into our controller. All controller methods are resolved by the container.

In this example, before the show method is called, Masonite will look at the parameters and look inside the container for a key with the same name. In this example we are looking for Request so Masonite will look for a key inside the provider dictionary called Request and inject that value from the container into our method for us. Request is already loaded into the container for you out of the box.

Another way to resolve classes is by using Python 3 annotations:

Masonite will know that you are trying to get the Request class and will actually retrieve that class from the container. Masonite will search the container for a Request class regardless of what the key is in the container, retrieve it, and inject it into the controller method. Effectively creating an IOC container with dependency injection. Think of this as a get by value instead of a get by key like the earlier example.

You can pass in keys and annotations in any order:

Pretty powerful stuff, eh?

Resolving Instances

Another powerful feature of the container is it can actually return instances of classes you annotate. For example, all Upload drivers inherit from the UploadContract which simply acts as an interface for all Upload drivers. Many programming paradigms say that developers should code to an interface instead of an implementation so Masonite allows instances of classes to be returned for this specific use case.

Take this example:

Notice that we passed in a contract instead of the upload class. Masonite went into the container and fetched a class with the instance of the contract.

Resolving your own code

The service container can also be used outside of the flow of Masonite. Masonite takes in a function or class method, and resolves it's dependencies by finding them in the service container and injecting them for you.

Because of this, you can resolve any of your own classes or functions.

Remember not to call it and only reference the function. The Service Container needs to inject dependencies into the object so it requires a reference and not a callable.

This will fetch all of the parameters of randomFunction and retrieve them from the service container. There probably won't be many times you'll have to resolve your own code but the option is there.

Container Hooks

Sometimes we might want to run some code when things happen inside our container. For example we might want to run some arbitrary function about we resolve the Request object from the container or we might want to bind some values to a View class anytime we bind a Response to the container. This is excellent for testing purposes if we want to bind a user object to the request whenever it is resolved.

We have three options: on_bind, on_make, on_resolve. All we need for the first option is the key or object we want to bind the hook to, and the second option will be a function that takes two arguments. The first argument is the object in question and the second argument is the whole container.

The code might look something like this:

Notice that we create a function that accepts two values, the object we are dealing with and the container. Then whenever we run on_make, the function is ran.

We can also bind to specific objects instead of keys:

This then calls the same attribute but anytime the Request object itself is made from the container. Notice everything is the same except line 6 where we are using an object instead of a string.

We can do the same thing with the other options:

Strict and Overriding

By default, Masonite will not care if you override objects from the container. In other words you can do this:

Without issue. Notice we are binding twice to the same key. You can change this behavior by specifying 2 values in the constructor of the App class:

Override

If override is False, it will not override values in the container. It will simply ignore them if you are trying to bind twice to the same key. If override is True, which it is by default, you will be allowed to override keys in the container with new values by binding them.

Strict

Strict will throw an exception if you try binding a key to the container. So with override being False it simply ignored binding a key to the container that already exists, setting strict to True will actually throw an exception.

Advanced

Middleware

Introduction

Middleware is an extremely important aspect of web applications as it allows you to run important code either before or after every request or even before or after certain routes. In this documentation we'll talk about how middleware works, how to consume middleware and how to create your own middleware. Middleware is only ran when the route is found and a status code of 200 will be returned.

Getting Started

Middleware classes are placed inside the app/http/middleware by convention but can be placed anywhere you like. All middleware are just classes that contain a before method and/or an after method.

There are four types of middleware in total:

Middleware ran before every request
Middleware ran after every request
Middleware ran before certain routes
Middleware ran after certain routes

There are what Masonite calls HTTP Middleware which are middleware designed to run on every request and Route Middleware which is middleware designed to only be called on certain requests, such as checking if a user is logged in.

Configuration

We have one of two configuration constants we need to work with. These constants both reside in our config/middleware.py file and are HTTP_MIDDLEWARE and ROUTE_MIDDLEWARE.

HTTP_MIDDLEWARE is a simple list which should contain an aggregation of your middleware classes. This constant is a list because all middleware will simply run in succession one after another, similar to Django middleware

Middleware is a string to the module location of your middleware class. If your class is located in app/http/middleware/DashboardMiddleware.py then the value we place in our middleware configuration will be a string: app.http.middleware.DashboardMiddleware.DashboardMiddleware. Masonite will locate the class and execute either the before method or the after method.

In our config/middleware.py file this type of middleware may look something like:

Route Middleware

ROUTE_MIDDLEWARE is also simple but instead of a list, it is a dictionary with a custom name as the key and the middleware class as the value. This is so we can specify the middleware based on the key in our routes file.

In our config/middleware.py file this might look something like:

Middleware Stacks

Route middleware have the unique option of also being stacks of middleware (or lists, really). So we can specify a middleware to have a list of middleware instead of one string based middleware:

Notice that we can use both lists and strings for middleware. As a list, all the middleware in the list will run when we call the auth middleware stack.

Default Middleware

There are 4 default middleware that comes with Masonite. These middleware can be changed or removed to fit your application better.

Authentication Middleware

This middleware is design to redirect users to the login page if they are not logged in. This is loaded as a Route Middleware inside config/middleware.py and design to only be ran on specific routes you specify.

You can run this middleware on any route by specifying the key in the middleware method on your route:

Verify Email Middleware

This middleware checks to see if the logged in user has verified their email. If they haven't it will redirect the user to a page reminding them to verify their email.

You can run this middleware on any route by specifying the key in the middleware method on your route:

CSRF Middleware

This middleware is an HTTP Middleware and runs on every request. This middleware checks for the CSRF token on POST requests. For GET requests, Masonite generates a new token. The default behavior is good for most applications but you may change this behavior to suit your application better.

Load User Middleware

This middleware checks if the user is logged in and if so, loads the user into the request object. This enables you to use something like:

Creating Middleware

Again, middleware should live inside the app/http/middleware folder and should look something like:

Middleware constructors are resolved by the container so simply pass in whatever you like in the parameter list and it will be injected for you.

If Masonite is running a “before” middleware, that is middleware that should be ran before the request, Masonite will check all middleware and look for a before method and execute that. The same for “after” middleware.

You may exclude either method if you do not wish for that middleware to run before or after.

This is a boilerplate for middleware. It's simply a class with a before and/or after method. Creating a middleware is that simple. Let's create a middleware that checks if the user is authenticated and redirect to the login page if they are not. Because we have access to the request object from the Service Container, we can do something like:

That's it! Now we just have to make sure our route picks this up. If we wanted this to execute after a request, we could use the exact same logic in the after method instead.

Since we are not utilizing the after method, we may exclude it all together. Masonite will check if the method exists before executing it.

Configuration

We have one of two configuration constants we need to work with. These constants both reside in our config/middleware.py file and are HTTP_MIDDLEWARE and ROUTE_MIDDLEWARE.

In our config/middleware.py file this type of middleware may look something like:

In our config/middleware.py file this might look something like:

Consuming Middleware

Using middleware is also simple. If we put our middleware in the HTTP_MIDDLEWARE constant then we don't have to worry about it anymore. It will run on every successful request, that is when a route match is found from our web.py file.

If we are using a route middleware, we'll need to specify which route should execute the middleware. To specify which route we can just append a .middleware() method onto our routes. This will look something like:

This will execute the auth middleware only when the user visits the /dashboard url and as per our middleware will be redirected to the named route of login

Awesome! You’re now an expert at how middleware works with Masonite.

Validation

Introduction

Very often you will find a need to validate forms after you have submitted them. Masonite comes with a very simple and reusable way to validate input data with the Masonite Validator() class. In this documentation, we'll talk about how you can create your own validator to use within your project. Masonite uses the validator.py library for this feature.

Getting Started

The best way to create a reusable validator class within your Masonite project is to create a class and inherit from the Validator class inside the masonite.validator module.

We can make a class called RegistrationValidator(), inherit from masonite.validator.Validator() and put it inside app/validators/RegistrationValidator.py like so:

You can put this file wherever you want but we will put it here for the purposes of this documentation.

Awesome! By inheriting from Validator, this will add several key methods to our validator class that we'll need to verify our request input which we'll talk about below.

Starting Our Validations

Since we inherited from Validator, we have access to a validate() method which we can call with self.validate(). Inside this method call, we can use some useful attributes in order to check our request data.

An example of a simple validation will look something like:

Custom Error Messages

By default, Masonite will supply you with a dictionary of errors depending on the validator class. More information on what the default error messages are found below.

Although this is very convenient, you may wish to specify your own error messages. To do so, we can call the self.messages() method after we validate. This will look like:

This will change the default error messages to the defaults provided. If you do not specify a custom error message for a validation field then the default one will display as usual.

Requests

In order to check the input data we receive from a request, such as a form submission, we can use this validator like so:

Notice that we pass in the request inside the constructor of our RequestValidator class. Our class is using the constructor inherited from Masonite's Validator class.

Non Requests

Sometimes we may wish to use our validator class without request data. In order to do this we can just pass a dictionary of values into our .check() method like so:

Notice how we passed a dictionary into our .check() method here and didn't pass the request object in the constructor.

Casting Values

Sometimes you might want to cast a certain value for the purposes of validation. For example you may want to accept a string like California,Florida,Ohio but want to treat it as a list for the purposes of validation. We might want to make it a list to see if there are between 1 and 3 of them.

To do this simply requires validation casting. When validating, Masonite Validations will look for a cast_x method. x is the name of the input you are validating. So for example we may have an input like this:

When validating, the validator will call this cast_countries method and use the return value as the value to validate. This validation will work because it will split the countries into a list and turn:

into this:

Getting Casted Values

You can also use this validator class to get the value that the validator is using. In other words, if there is a cast method, it will get the casted value. If there is no cast method then it will get the raw value supplied to it.

Validation Helper

If a full validation class is a bit too much for you then you can use a smaller helper function. You may choose this option if you are building a simple RESTful API endpoint and just want some quick validation.

This helper function signature looks like:

Messages are optional. If left out it will use the default error messages.

A full implementation looks like:

Validator Options

There are a plethora of options that you can use to validate your forms. In addition to validating your request input, we also get a dictionary of errors. In order to get the errors if a validation fails, we can use the method:

This method will return a dictionary of errors that will be different depending on the validation class used but this method will return None if there are no errors. Below each option will be what the value of .errors() will be as well as how you would use them inside Masonite.

Required

By default, all keys registered for validation are optional. Any key that doesn't exist in the validation will skip any of the missing input data. For example, if a validation is not set for password then it will simply not check any validation on that specific request input. In this case, we can leave our password validation out entirely.

Unlike other validator classes, this class does not need to be instantiated (contain parenthesis at the end). So Required is the correct usage and not Required().

Usage

Error

Truthy

The Truthy() validator class will check whatever is truthy to Python. This includes True, non-0 integers, non-empty lists, and strings

Usage

Error

Equals

This validator will check that a value is equal to the value given.

Usage

Error

Note that all request input data will be a string. so make sure you use Equals('1') and not Equals(1). Just be sure to maintain the data type in your validation.

Range

This validator checks that the dictionary value falls inclusively between the start and end values passed to it.

Error

Pattern

The Pattern validator checks that the dictionary value matches the regex pattern that was passed to it.

Usage

Error

In

This validator checks that the dictionary value is a member of a collection passed to it.

Usage

Since Orator returns a collection, we can specify an Orator Collection as well:

Error

Not

This validator negates a validator that is passed to it and checks the dictionary value against that negated validator.

Usage

Error

InstanceOf

This validator checks that the dictionary value is an instance of the base class passed to it, or an instance of one of its subclasses.

Usage

Error

SubclassOf

This validator checks that the dictionary value inherits from the base class passed to it. To be clear, this means that the dictionary value is expected to be a class, not an instance of a class.

Usage

Error

Length

This validator checks that the value must have at least minimum elements and optionally at most maximum elements.

v2.0

Introduction

Some Notable Features Shipped With Masonite

Requirements

Linux

Debian and Ubuntu based Linux distributions

Enterprise Linux based distributions (Fedora, CentOS, RHEL, ...)

Installation

Creating Our Project

Activating Our Virtual Environment (optional)

Installing Our Dependencies

Running The Server

Prologue

Contributing Guide

Introduction

Getting Started

Getting the Masonite repository up and running to be edited

Editing the Masonite core repository

Editing the craft repository (craft commands)

Comments

Types of comments to use

Pull Request Process

Code of Conduct

Our Pledge

Our Standards

Our Responsibilities

Scope

Enforcement

Attribution

How To Contribute

Introduction

Contributing to Development

Become a Feature Maintainer

Comment the Code

Write Tests

Contribute to Tutorials

Fix the Documentation

Report Bugs

Squash Bugs

Build a Community

Build Community Software Around Masonite

Answer Questions from the Community

Review Code on Pull Requests

Discuss Issues

Create Packages

Release Cycle

Introduction

Reasoning for RomVer over SemVer

Releases and Release Cycles

Releases and Release Cycles

Scheduled Releases

Creating Releases

Development Releases

Development Fixes

Main Repository and New Projects

Testing New Beta Releases

Craft New

Requirements.txt

Install

Known Installation Issues

Introduction

I ran pip install masonite-cli but it gave me a permission error?

I pip installed masonite-cli but running craft doesn't work?

I'm getting this weird ModuleNotFound idna issue when running the craft new command

I installed masonite-cli successfully but the craft command is not showing up

I'm getting a module urlib has no attribute urlopen

Sponsors

Company Sponsors

Package Sponsors

Individual Sponsors

Mitch Dennett

Twitter: @mitchdennett1 | GitHub: @mitchdennett

What's New

Masonite 1.3

Introduction

Fixed infinite redirection

Fixed browser content length

Changed how request input data is retrieved

Added Upload drivers

Added several helper functions

Editing the craft repository (`craft` commands)